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Journal of Inflammation Research 2024The purpose of this study was to analyze the nasal lymphatic system in order to uncover novel factors that might be involved in pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analyze the nasal lymphatic system in order to uncover novel factors that might be involved in pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Lymphatic vessels (LVs) and macrophages were localized and counted in the inferior and middle turbinate, the uncinate process and the ethmoid of CRSwNP and CRSsNP patients, the NP and the inferior turbinate of controls (n≥6 per group). Lysates of the same tissue types (n=7 per group) were analyzed for lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor 1 (LYVE-1), for matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP-14) and for Hyaluronic acid (HA) using ELISA. HA was localized in sections of CRSwNP NP, CRSsNP ethmoid and control inferior turbinate (n=6 per group). The results of HA levels were correlated to the number of macrophages in tissues. The nasal secretions of CRSwNP (n=28), CRSsNP (n=30), and control (n=30) patients were analyzed for LYVE-1 and HA using ELISA.
RESULTS
The number of LVs was significantly lower in tissues of both CRS groups compared to the control. In the tissue lysates, LYVE-1 expression differed significantly between the CRSwNP tissues with a particularly high level in the NP. MMP-14 was significantly overexpressed in CRSwNP uncinate process. There were no significant differences in tissue HA expression. In the mucus LYVE-1 was significantly underexpressed in CRSsNP compared to CRSwNP and control, while HA was significantly underexpressed in both CRS groups. In the NP, HA and macrophages were accumulated particularly below the epithelium. Tissue levels of HA revealed a significant positive correlation with the number of macrophages.
CONCLUSION
CRS might be associated with an insufficient clearing of the nasal mucosa through the lymphatics. The accumulation of HA and macrophages might promote inflammation, fluid retention, and polyp formation. These results may provide novel CRS-associated factors.
PubMed: 38348276
DOI: 10.2147/JIR.S436450 -
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Sep 2023Rhinosporidiosis is an enigmatic disease with many unsolved queries right from taxonomy to treatment. This study has been done to understand the disease characteristics...
INTRODUCTION
Rhinosporidiosis is an enigmatic disease with many unsolved queries right from taxonomy to treatment. This study has been done to understand the disease characteristics with a peek into the lesser known immunological aspects of it by studying the changes in levels of certain primarily cell-mediated immunity (CMI)-specific cytokines in rhinosporidiosis patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A prospective observational study was performed. Detailed epidemiological and clinicoradiological assessment was done along with selected inflammatory and immunological markers. The tests for immunological parameters were done by ELISA and CLIA and data were compiled and analyzed using appropriate statistics.
RESULTS
Disease showed male predominance and all patients gave a universal pond bathing history. Majority patients had O+ve blood group. Right side was affected most with nasal obstruction being commonest symptom. Nasal cavity was involved in majority of cases with inferior turbinate and meatus being sites of maximum occurrence and attachment. Nasopharynx, oropharynx were other involved sites. Extra-nasal sites included skin and parotid gland. Endoscopic and CECT findings were similar and confirmed intraoperatively. Tests for inflammatory markers showed no significant change in patients. Immunological markers -IL-6, TNF-beta- levels showed significant increase though no such increase was found with IFN-gamma levels.
CONCLUSION
Rhinosporidiosis has a definite epidemiological and clinical-radiological profile. A clear association with exposure to contaminated water is present which could not be further associated with disease duration or recurrence. The immunological profile needs to be further investigated upon since it remains quite elusive.
PubMed: 38090617
DOI: 10.22038/IJORL.2023.68378.3331 -
Nature Communications Nov 2023SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through droplets and airborne aerosols, and in order to prevent infection and reduce viral spread vaccines should elicit protective...
SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through droplets and airborne aerosols, and in order to prevent infection and reduce viral spread vaccines should elicit protective immunity in the airways. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transfers IgG across epithelial barriers and can enhance mucosal delivery of antigens. Here we explore FcRn-mediated respiratory delivery of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S). A monomeric IgG Fc was fused to a stabilized spike; the resulting S-Fc bound to S-specific antibodies and FcRn. Intranasal immunization of mice with S-Fc and CpG significantly induced antibody responses compared to the vaccination with S alone or PBS. Furthermore, we intranasally immunized mice or hamsters with S-Fc. A significant reduction of virus replication in nasal turbinate, lung, and brain was observed following nasal challenges with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Intranasal immunization also significantly reduced viral airborne transmission in hamsters. Nasal IgA, neutralizing antibodies, lung-resident memory T cells, and bone-marrow S-specific plasma cells mediated protection. Hence, FcRn delivers an S-Fc antigen effectively into the airway and induces protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Immunoglobulin G; SARS-CoV-2; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
PubMed: 37932271
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42796-0