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Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jul 2021Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract and one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. While the clinical approach to BCa has remained... (Review)
Review
Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract and one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. While the clinical approach to BCa has remained largely unchanged for many years, recent discoveries have paved the way to a new era of diagnosis and management of the disease. BCa-specific mortality started to decrease in the regions with a wide range of activities leading to greater social awareness of the risk factors and the decline in carcinogenic exposure. The urologic community refines the role of transurethral surgery towards more rigorous and high-quality techniques. New agents have been approved for patients with BCG failure who faced radical cystectomy so far. Although radical removal of the bladder is the gold standard for muscle invasive cancer management, the extent and clinical value of lymphadenectomy is currently heavily challenged in randomized trials. Furthermore, alternatives to perioperative chemotherapy have arisen to increase the likelihood of complete treatment delivery and successful oncological outcomes. Finally, improvements in molecular biology and our understanding of tumorigenesis open the era of personalized medicine in bladder cancer. In the present review, the status and future directions in bladder cancer epidemiology, diagnosis and management are thoroughly discussed.
Topics: Cystectomy; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Risk Factors; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 34440955
DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080749 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2019The major urological cancers comprise prostate adenocarcinoma, urinary bladder (or upper urinary tract) carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, testicular cancer and penile...
The major urological cancers comprise prostate adenocarcinoma, urinary bladder (or upper urinary tract) carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, testicular cancer and penile carcinoma, in this order of incidence, each with various histological and molecular subtypes [...].
Topics: Epigenesis, Genetic; Epigenomics; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Prognosis; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 31561442
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194775 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Reviews... Aug 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bound structures released from cells containing bioactive cargoes. Both the type of cargo and amount loaded varies compared... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bound structures released from cells containing bioactive cargoes. Both the type of cargo and amount loaded varies compared to that of the parent cell. The characterisation of EVs in cancers of the male urogenital tract has identified several cargoes with promising diagnostic and disease monitoring potential. EVs released by cancers of the male urogenital tract promote cell-to-cell communication, migration, cancer progression and manipulate the immune system promoting metastasis by evading the immune response. Their use as diagnostic biomarkers represents a new area of screening and disease detection, potentially reducing the need for invasive biopsies. Many validated EV cargoes have been found to have superior sensitivity and specificity than current diagnostic tools currently in use. The use of EVs to improve disease monitoring and develop novel therapeutics will enable clinicians to individualise patient management in the exciting era of personalised medicine.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Extracellular Vesicles; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Genital Neoplasms, Male; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Signal Transduction; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34019971
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188570 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2018Urological cancers include a spectrum of malignancies affecting organs of the reproductive and/or urinary systems, such as prostate, kidney, bladder, and testis. Despite... (Review)
Review
Urological cancers include a spectrum of malignancies affecting organs of the reproductive and/or urinary systems, such as prostate, kidney, bladder, and testis. Despite improved primary prevention, detection and treatment, urological cancers are still characterized by an increasing incidence and mortality worldwide. While advances have been made towards understanding the molecular bases of these diseases, a complete understanding of the pathological mechanisms remains an unmet research goal that is essential for defining safer pharmacological therapies and prognostic factors, especially for the metastatic stage of these malignancies for which no effective therapies are currently being used. Glyoxalases, consisting of glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and glyoxalase 2 (Glo2), are enzymes that catalyze the glutathione-dependent metabolism of cytotoxic methylglyoxal (MG), thus protecting against cellular damage and apoptosis. They are generally overexpressed in numerous cancers as a survival strategy by providing a safeguard through enhancement of MG detoxification. Increasing evidence suggests that glyoxalases, especially Glo1, play an important role in the initiation and progression of urological malignancies. In this review, we highlight the critical role of glyoxalases as regulators of tumorigenesis in the prostate through modulation of various critical signaling pathways, and provide an overview of the current knowledge on glyoxalases in bladder, kidney and testis cancers. We also discuss the promise and challenges for Glo1 inhibitors as future anti-prostate cancer (PCa) therapeutics and the potential of glyoxalases as biomarkers for PCa diagnosis.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Carcinogenesis; Female; Humans; Lactoylglutathione Lyase; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Signal Transduction; Thiolester Hydrolases; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29385039
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020415 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Dec 2017- Precursor lesions of urologic malignancies are established histopathologic entities, which are important not only to recognize for clinical purposes, but also to... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
- Precursor lesions of urologic malignancies are established histopathologic entities, which are important not only to recognize for clinical purposes, but also to further investigate at the molecular level in order to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these malignancies.
OBJECTIVE
- To provide a brief overview of precursor lesions to the most common malignancies that develop within the genitourinary tract with a focus on their clinical implications, histologic features, and molecular characteristics.
DATA SOURCES
- Literature review from PubMed, urologic pathology textbooks, and the 4th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. All photomicrographs were taken from cases seen at Weill Cornell Medicine or from the authors' personal slide collections.
CONCLUSIONS
- The clinical importance and histologic criteria are well established for the known precursor lesions of the most common malignancies throughout the genitourinary tract, but further investigation is warranted at the molecular level to better understand the pathogenesis of these lesions. Such investigation may lead to better risk stratification of patients and potentially novel treatments.
Topics: Adenoma; Carcinoma in Situ; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Mutation; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Precancerous Conditions; Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Testicular Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 28767283
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0515-RA -
Minerva Urologica E Nefrologica = the... Dec 2016Over the past 2 decades, ureteroscopy has changed from a procedure considered second-line to shockwave lithotripsy to a commonly performed procedure for renal and... (Review)
Review
Over the past 2 decades, ureteroscopy has changed from a procedure considered second-line to shockwave lithotripsy to a commonly performed procedure for renal and ureteral stones. The increase in the use of ureteroscopy is due largely to improvements in technique and technology during this time period. Herein we review outcomes of ureteroscopy in terms of success rates, complications, and unique patient populations. This work will synthesize the data as it pertains to the practice of ureteroscopy for all endourological indications, including stone disease and management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma, as well as review state-of-the-art techniques.
Topics: Humans; Kidney Calculi; Treatment Outcome; Ureteroscopy; Urolithiasis; Urologic Diseases; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 27733751
DOI: No ID Found -
The Canadian Journal of Urology Feb 2015
Topics: History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Robotic Surgical Procedures; United States; Urologic Neoplasms; Urology
PubMed: 25694004
DOI: No ID Found -
American Society of Clinical Oncology... Jan 2019Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the field of bladder and upper tract cancers provide opportunities for multidisciplinary care. Urothelial cancers make up the... (Review)
Review
Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the field of bladder and upper tract cancers provide opportunities for multidisciplinary care. Urothelial cancers make up the majority of the histologic subtype of bladder and upper tract cancers. Although the existence of variant histology, nonurothelial cancers, and urethral cancers is rare, these cancers pose a challenging clinical dilemma given the lack of well-defined consensus treatment guidelines. This review focuses on key issues of treatment: cisplatin ineligibility with emphasis on the definition, nuances of chemotherapy and frontline immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, use of radiation in bladder-preservation strategies, upper tract urothelial cancer management, and highlights of urothelial variants and nonurothelial tumors and management.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Cisplatin; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Management; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Treatment Outcome; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 31099661
DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_237451 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Mar 2020Tumor histology offers a composite view of the genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and microenvironmental determinants of tumor biology. As a marker of tumor histology,... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT.—
Tumor histology offers a composite view of the genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and microenvironmental determinants of tumor biology. As a marker of tumor histology, histologic grading has persisted as a highly relevant factor in risk stratification and management of urologic neoplasms (ie, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma). Ongoing research and consensus meetings have attempted to improve the accuracy, consistency, and biologic relevance of histologic grading, as well as provide guidance for many challenging scenarios.
OBJECTIVE.—
To review the most recent updates to the grading system of urologic neoplasms, including those in the 2016 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Bluebook, with emphasis on issues encountered in routine practice.
DATA SOURCES.—
Peer-reviewed publications and the 4th edition of the WHO Bluebook on the pathology and genetics of the urinary system and male genital organs.
CONCLUSIONS.—
This article summarizes the recently updated grading schemes for renal cell carcinoma, prostate adenocarcinomas, and bladder neoplasms of the genitourinary tract.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Grading; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reproducibility of Results; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 32101058
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0551-RA -
American Journal of Transplantation :... Jan 2018With advances in immunosuppression, graft and patient outcomes after kidney transplantation have improved considerably. As a result, long-term complications of... (Review)
Review
With advances in immunosuppression, graft and patient outcomes after kidney transplantation have improved considerably. As a result, long-term complications of transplantation, such as urologic malignancies, have become increasingly important. Kidney transplant recipients, for example, have a 7-fold risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 3-fold risk of urothelial carcinoma (UC) compared with the general population. While extrapolation of data from the general population suggest that routine cancer screening in transplant recipients would allow for earlier diagnosis and management of these potentially lethal malignancies, currently there is no consensus for posttransplantation RCC or UC screening as supporting data are limited. Further understanding of risk factors, presentation, optimal management of, and screening for urologic malignancies in kidney transplant patients is warranted, and as such, this review will focus on the incidence, surveillance, and treatment of urologic malignancies in kidney transplant recipients.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Risk Factors; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 28985026
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14533