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Climacteric : the Journal of the... Jun 2019Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections and affect up to 50% of women in their lifetime, with almost half of these women experiencing a... (Review)
Review
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections and affect up to 50% of women in their lifetime, with almost half of these women experiencing a recurrence in 6-12 months. Menopause predisposes women to recurrent UTI (rUTI), as normally lower levels of estrogen lead to changes in the urogenital epithelium and subsequently urogenital microbiome. The recently discovered urobiome is now known to have different compositions in both healthy and unhealthy bladders, including a role in the pathophysiology of rUTI, and may be a therapeutic target for prevention and treatment options for rUTI. In postmenopausal women with frequent UTI, the diagnosis of acute UTI should be made using a combination of the symptom assessment and urine diagnostic studies. The choice of UTI antibiotic should include consideration of efficacy, collateral effects, and side-effects. Some women may be candidates for self-start therapy, in which the patient accurately recognizes her UTI symptoms and then starts previously prescribed antibiotics. A large component of the management of women with rUTI is prevention. Urobiome research for bladder health and disease is a young field of investigation with significant potential to improve care for postmenopausal women affected by rUTI through novel, evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Epithelium; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Postmenopause; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Urinary Tract Infections; Urogenital System
PubMed: 30624087
DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1551871 -
BioMed Research International 2020
Topics: Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Urogenital System; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 32149097
DOI: 10.1155/2020/2907204 -
The Western Journal of Medicine Dec 1981Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems. The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show...
Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems. The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired gas exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower expiratory flow rates. The creatinine clearance decreases with age although the serum creatinine level remains relatively constant due to a proportionate age-related decrease in creatinine production. Functional changes, largely related to altered motility patterns, occur in the gastrointestinal system with senescence, and atrophic gastritis and altered hepatic drug metabolism are common in the elderly. Progressive elevation of blood glucose occurs with age on a multifactorial basis and osteoporosis is frequently seen due to a linear decline in bone mass after the fourth decade. The epidermis of the skin atrophies with age and due to changes in collagen and elastin the skin loses its tone and elasticity. Lean body mass declines with age and this is primarily due to loss and atrophy of muscle cells. Degenerative changes occur in many joints and this, combined with the loss of muscle mass, inhibits elderly patients' locomotion. These changes with age have important practical implications for the clinical management of elderly patients: metabolism is altered, changes in response to commonly used drugs make different drug dosages necessary and there is need for rational preventive programs of diet and exercise in an effort to delay or reverse some of these changes.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Endocrine Glands; Female; Geriatrics; Humans; Male; Menopause; Middle Aged; Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Urogenital System
PubMed: 7336713
DOI: No ID Found -
Medical Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022Skin wound repair has been the central focus of clinicians and scientists for almost a century. Insights into acute and chronic wound healing as well as scarring have... (Review)
Review
Skin wound repair has been the central focus of clinicians and scientists for almost a century. Insights into acute and chronic wound healing as well as scarring have influenced and ameliorated wound treatment. Our knowledge of normal skin notwithstanding, little is known of acute and chronic wound repair of genital skin. In contrast to extra-genital skin, hypertrophic scarring is uncommon in genital tissue. Chronic wound healing disorders of the genitals are mostly confined to mucosal tissue diseases. This article will provide insights into the differences between extra-genital and genital skin with regard to anatomy, physiology and aberrant wound repair. In light of fundamental differences between genital and normal skin, it is recommended that reconstructive and esthetic surgery should exclusively be performed by specialists with profound expertise in genital wound repair.
Topics: Cicatrix, Hypertrophic; Genitalia; Humans; Skin; Urogenital System
PubMed: 35466231
DOI: 10.3390/medsci10020023 -
BioMed Research International 2015
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Urogenital System; Urologic Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 25802853
DOI: 10.1155/2015/535438 -
The Journal of Urology Jul 2020
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Chronic Disease; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Pandemics; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; United States; Up-Regulation; Urogenital System; Urologic Diseases; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 32249664
DOI: 10.1097/JU.0000000000001068 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Jun 2021Amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of misfolded proteins as insoluble eosinophilic material in the extracellular tissues of the body, leading to impairment of organ... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT.—
Amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of misfolded proteins as insoluble eosinophilic material in the extracellular tissues of the body, leading to impairment of organ function. It can be systemic or localized. Localized genitourinary tract amyloidosis is rare and can be incidentally seen; however, in some cases, it can be the only presenting disease.
OBJECTIVE.—
To review the clinical presentation and pathologic findings related to primary amyloidosis of the urogenital system and highlight some of the associated pathologic findings based on our personal experience.
DATA SOURCES.—
Published peer-reviewed literature and personal experience of the senior author.
CONCLUSIONS.—
Primary localized amyloidosis within the urogenital tract can present as a neoplastic process and may be clinically and radiologically considered as a mass. Awareness of primary amyloidosis by pathologists and clinicians is required for accurate diagnosis and proper patient management.
Topics: Amyloid; Amyloidogenic Proteins; Amyloidosis; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Humans; Kidney; Proteostasis Deficiencies; Ureter; Urinary Bladder; Urogenital System
PubMed: 32383975
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0102-RA -
Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR Aug 2020
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Female; Humans; Male; Urogenital System; Urologic Diseases
PubMed: 32620222
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2020.06.002 -
Advances in Cancer Research 2013"Gain-of-function" and "loss-of-function" studies in human cancer cells and analysis of a transgenic mouse model have convincingly established that AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC... (Review)
Review
"Gain-of-function" and "loss-of-function" studies in human cancer cells and analysis of a transgenic mouse model have convincingly established that AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC performs a seminal role in regulating proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance, the salient defining hallmarks of cancer. These observations are strongly buttressed by clinicopathologic correlations of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC expression in a diverse array of cancers distinguishing AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC as an independent biomarker for highly aggressive metastatic disease with poor prognosis. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has been shown to be a marker predicting response to chemotherapy, and serum anti-AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC antibody titer also serves as a predictor of advanced stages of aggressive cancer. However, inconsistent findings have been reported regarding the localization of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC protein in the nucleus or cytoplasm of cancer cells and the utility of nuclear or cytoplasmic AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC to predict the course and prognosis of disease. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature to emphasize the common and conflicting findings relative to the clinical significance of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in cancer.
Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Gastrointestinal Tract; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Neoplasms; Nervous System; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Prognosis; RNA-Binding Proteins; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Urogenital System
PubMed: 23889987
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-401676-7.00002-4 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jun 2016Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex linear polysaccharides expressed in intracellular compartments, at the cell surface, and in the extracellular environment where... (Review)
Review
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex linear polysaccharides expressed in intracellular compartments, at the cell surface, and in the extracellular environment where they interact with various molecules to regulate many cellular processes implicated in health and disease. Subversion of GAGs is a pathogenic strategy shared by a wide variety of microbial pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Pathogens use GAGs at virtually every major portals of entry to promote their attachment and invasion of host cells, movement from one cell to another, and to protect themselves from immune attack. Pathogens co-opt fundamental activities of GAGs to accomplish these tasks. This ingenious strategy to subvert essential activities of GAGs likely prevented host organisms from deleting or inactivating these mechanisms during their evolution. The goal of this review is to provide a mechanistic overview of our current understanding of how microbes subvert GAGs at major steps of pathogenesis, using select GAG-pathogen interactions as representative examples.
Topics: Animals; Blood-Borne Pathogens; Eye Infections; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Glycosaminoglycans; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases; Urogenital System
PubMed: 27100505
DOI: 10.2741/4455