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The Malaysian Journal of Pathology Dec 2023Urolithiasis is defined as a disease diagnosed by the presence of one or more stones in the urinary tract. It is one of the oldest and most widespread diseases known to... (Review)
Review
Urolithiasis is defined as a disease diagnosed by the presence of one or more stones in the urinary tract. It is one of the oldest and most widespread diseases known to man, their discovery and characterisation chronology began with the civilisation's history. This pathology has a multifactorial aetiology, very frequent worldwide with geographic and racial variation, their prevalence is increasing in lockstep with socioeconomic development. In fact, this disorder affects between 2 and 20% of the population, with an approximate recurrence rate of 30% to 50% in 5 years. Furthermore, calciumtype stones, which are composed of calcium oxalate (CaOx) alone or a mixture of CaOx and calcium phosphate are the most common, accounting for more than 80% of cases. The medical management of urolithiasis is done by medical treatments and/or by surgical intervention for the stones extraction by the techniques such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy (URS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open surgery. However, various therapies, including thiazide diuretics and alkaline citrate, are used in an attempt to prevent stones recurrence induced by hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria, but the scientific evidence for their effectiveness is less convincing. On the other hand, endoscopic and ESWL methods have revolutionised the treatment of urinary lithiasis, but these costly methods, can cause acute kidney injury and decreased renal function, in addition, do not prevent the probability of new stone formation. The deepening of our knowledge on all points relating to this disease is a priority for specialists in order to find adequate solutions for this disease. This review provides an overview of urolithiasis, its history, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment methods.
Topics: Male; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Calcium Oxalate; Urolithiasis; Ureteroscopy; Lithotripsy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 38155376
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Kidney Diseases :... Nov 2023Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a disorder in which urinary solutes precipitate to form aggregates of crystalline material in the... (Review)
Review
Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a disorder in which urinary solutes precipitate to form aggregates of crystalline material in the urinary space. The incidence of nephrolithiasis has been increasing, and the demographics have been evolving. Once viewed as a limited disease with intermittent exacerbations that are simply managed by urologists, nephrolithiasis is now recognized as a complex condition requiring thorough evaluation and multifaceted care. Kidney stones are frequently manifestations of underlying systemic medical conditions such as the metabolic syndrome, genetic disorders, or endocrinopathies. Analysis of urine chemistries and stone composition provide a window into pathogenesis and direct ancillary studies to uncover underlying diseases. These studies allow providers to devise individualized strategies to limit future stone events. Given its complexity, kidney stone disease is best addressed by a team led by nephrologists and urologists with input from multiple other health professionals including dietitians, endocrinologists, interventional radiologists, and endocrine surgeons. In this installment of AJKD's Core Curriculum in Nephrology, we provide a case-based overview of nephrolithiasis, divided by the individual stone types. The reader will gain a pragmatic understanding of the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of this condition.
Topics: Humans; Kidney Calculi; Nephrology; Curriculum; Nephrolithiasis; Male
PubMed: 37565942
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.03.017 -
Nutrients Mar 2023Patients with urolithiasis, and particularly those with hypercalciuria, frequently have a marked reduction of bone mineral content up to the levels of osteoporosis, with... (Review)
Review
Patients with urolithiasis, and particularly those with hypercalciuria, frequently have a marked reduction of bone mineral content up to the levels of osteoporosis, with a significant increase in bone fracture risk. For these reasons, the indication to prescribe vitamin D and/or calcium supplementations is very frequent in such patients. On the other hand, both calcium supplementation, and even more vitamin D therapy, can worsen the risk of developing urolithiasis by increasing calcium, phosphate, and oxalate urinary excretion. Despite the clinical and practical relevance of this issue, the evidence on this topic is scarce and contradictory. Therefore, some concerns exist about how and whether to prescribe such supplements to a patient with a history of kidney stones. In this narrative review, we resume some pivotal pathophysiological concepts strictly related to the dealt topic, and we draw some considerations and personal opinions on the pros and cons of such prescriptions. Finally, we share with the reader our pragmatic algorithm for handling the urolithiasis risk in patients who have strong indications to be prescribed vitamin D and calcium supplementations.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; Calcium; Vitamins; Urolithiasis; Dietary Supplements; Kidney Calculi
PubMed: 37049567
DOI: 10.3390/nu15071724 -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia Jan 2021Kidney stone disease affects 1 in 10 persons at least once per life-time worldwide, in 2% the disease is recurrent. For the individual stone disease can be painful and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Kidney stone disease affects 1 in 10 persons at least once per life-time worldwide, in 2% the disease is recurrent. For the individual stone disease can be painful and lead even to chronic kidney disease, while the costs for the health system and economy can be very high. Thus, factors causing stone disease need to be identified in order to prevent or reduce the incidence of disease.
AIM
This review will discuss major risk factors contributing to stone disease with special emphasis on genetic and dietary risk factors. RESULTS: Stone disease is multifactorial with a strong genetic component, gender-specific risks and prevalence, and a modifiable contribution of nutrition. The different factors contributing to the risk for developing stones are discussed.
DISCUSSION
Urolithiasis is a frequent disorder affecting almost 10% of the population with a high risk of recurrence. Treatment and prevention have to be tailored to the individual causes of disease and require an assessment of underlying predispositions and interacting modifiable environmental factors.
Topics: Humans; Kidney Calculi; Recurrence; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Factors; Urolithiasis
PubMed: 33459618
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Sep 2016In an age of advancing endoscopic and lithotripsy technologies, the management of urolithiasis poses a unique opportunity to advance compassionate veterinary care, not...
In an age of advancing endoscopic and lithotripsy technologies, the management of urolithiasis poses a unique opportunity to advance compassionate veterinary care, not only for patients with urolithiasis but for those with other urinary diseases as well. The following are consensus-derived, research and experience-supported, patient-centered recommendations for the treatment and prevention of uroliths in dogs and cats utilizing contemporary strategies. Ultimately, we hope that these recommendations will serve as a foundation for ongoing and future clinical research and inspiration for innovative problem solving.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Lithotripsy; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Societies, Scientific; United States; Urolithiasis; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 27611724
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14559 -
BJU International Feb 2023To set out the second in a series of guidelines on the treatment of urolithiasis by the International Alliance of Urolithiasis that concerns retrograde intrarenal... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To set out the second in a series of guidelines on the treatment of urolithiasis by the International Alliance of Urolithiasis that concerns retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), with the aim of providing a clinical framework for urologists performing RIRS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
After a comprehensive search of RIRS-related literature published between 1 January 1964 and 1 October 2021 from the PubMed database, systematic review and assessment were performed to inform a series of recommendations, which were graded using modified GRADE methodology. Additionally, quality of evidence was classified using a modification of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence system. Finally, related comments were provided.
RESULTS
A total of 36 recommendations were developed and graded that covered the following topics: indications and contraindications; preoperative imaging; preoperative ureteric stenting; preoperative medications; peri-operative antibiotics; management of antithrombotic therapy; anaesthesia; patient positioning; equipment; lithotripsy; exit strategy; and complications.
CONCLUSION
The series of recommendations regarding RIRS, along with the related commentary and supporting documentation, offered here should help provide safe and effective performance of RIRS.
Topics: Humans; Kidney Calculi; Ureteroscopy; Urolithiasis; Ureter; Lithotripsy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35733358
DOI: 10.1111/bju.15836 -
Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia 2014The diagnosis of urolithiasis during pregnancy is common, even though no additional measures are required in asymptomatic cases. Renal colic or complications of urinary... (Review)
Review
The diagnosis of urolithiasis during pregnancy is common, even though no additional measures are required in asymptomatic cases. Renal colic or complications of urinary lithiasis occur more frequently during the last months of pregnancy, and there are several particularities for the diagnosis and treatment of this subset of women. The present manuscript aim to review the current knowledge concerning this subject and present authors personal experience.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Urolithiasis
PubMed: 25317623
DOI: 10.5935/0101-2800.20140055 -
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Jan 2023Urinary stone is conceptualized as a chronic metabolic disorder punctuated by symptomatic stone events. It has been shown that the occurrence of calcium oxalate...
Urinary stone is conceptualized as a chronic metabolic disorder punctuated by symptomatic stone events. It has been shown that the occurrence of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) during stone formation is regulated by crystal growth modifiers. Although crystallization inhibitors have been recognized as a therapeutic modality for decades, limited progress has been made in the discovery of effective modifiers to intervene with stone disease. In this study, we have used metabolomics technologies, a powerful approach to identify biomarkers by screening the urine components of the dynamic progression in a bladder stone model. By in-depth mining and analysis of metabolomics data, we have screened five differential metabolites. Through density functional theory studies and bulk crystallization, we found that three of them (salicyluric, gentisic acid and succinate) could effectively inhibit nucleation in vitro. We thereby assessed the impact of the inhibitors with an EG-induced rat model for kidney stones. Notably, succinate, a key player in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, could decrease kidney calcium deposition and injury in the model. Transcriptomic analysis further showed that the protective effect of succinate was mainly through anti-inflammation, inhibition of cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation. These findings indicated that succinate may provide a new therapeutic option for urinary stones.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Succinic Acid; Osteogenesis; Urolithiasis; Kidney Calculi; Succinates
PubMed: 36681678
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01311-z -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2018Kidney stones are one of the oldest known and common diseases in the urinary tract system. Various human studies have suggested that diets with a higher intake of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Kidney stones are one of the oldest known and common diseases in the urinary tract system. Various human studies have suggested that diets with a higher intake of vegetables and fruits play a role in the prevention of kidney stones. In this review, we have provided an overview of these dietary plants, their main chemical constituents, and their possible mechanisms of action. (green tea), (raspberry), (common madder), (parsley), (pomegranate), (mastic), (yellow-fruit nightshade), (stinging nettle), (), (khella), (black-cumin), (roselle), and (oregano) have received considerable interest based on scientific evidence. Beside these dietary plants, phytochemicals-such as catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, diosmin, rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, and curcumin-as antioxidant dietary phyto-phenols were found to be effective for the prevention of urolithiasis (the process of stone formation in the urinary tract). The main underlying mechanisms of these dietary plants and their isolated phytonutrients in the management of urolithiasis include diuretic, antispasmodic, and antioxidant activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on crystallization, nucleation, and aggregation of crystals. The results as presented in this review demonstrate the promising role of dietary plants and phytophenols in the prevention and management of kidney stones. Further investigations are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of these compounds.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Studies as Topic; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Disease Management; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fruit; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Plants, Edible; Plants, Medicinal; Primary Prevention; Urolithiasis; Vegetables
PubMed: 29518971
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030765 -
International Journal of Surgery... Dec 2016Urolithiasis in pregnancy is a major health concern and can potentially affect the well-being of both mother and foetus. Management of this condition often entails... (Review)
Review
Urolithiasis in pregnancy is a major health concern and can potentially affect the well-being of both mother and foetus. Management of this condition often entails simultaneous multidisciplinary involvement of obstetrician, radiologist and urologist. Additionally, adverse effects with usage of anaesthesia, radiation, medications and surgery on mother and foetus, limit utilisation of the full armamentarium of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities that are commonly used in non-pregnant women. This review was conducted using an electronic literature search of peer reviewed journal articles. Clinical studies were identified in the bibliographic database- PubMed (Medline), Ovid and eMedicine(WebMD) using the keywords: hydronephrosis, urolithiasis, kidney stone, urinary tract infection, pregnancy and ultrasound, incidence and epidemiology of renal stones.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Disease Management; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Diagnosis; Urolithiasis
PubMed: 27816709
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.10.046