Did you mean: uterine adnexa
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Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2017The hormone estrogen is involved in both female and male reproduction, as well as numerous other biological systems including the neuroendocrine, vascular, skeletal, and... (Review)
Review
The hormone estrogen is involved in both female and male reproduction, as well as numerous other biological systems including the neuroendocrine, vascular, skeletal, and immune systems. Therefore, it is also implicated in many different diseases and conditions such as infertility, obesity, osteoporosis, endometriosis, and a variety of cancers. Estrogen works through its two distinct nuclear receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). Various transcriptional regulation mechanisms have been identified as the mode of action for estrogen, mainly the classical mechanism with direct DNA binding but also a nongenomic mode of action and one using tethered or indirect binding. The expression profiles of ERα and ERβ are unique with the primary sites of ERα expression being the uterus and pituitary gland and the main site of ERβ expression being the granulosa cells of the ovary. Mouse models with knockout or mutation of Esr1 and Esr2 have furthered our understanding of the role of each individual receptor plays in physiology. From these studies, it is known that the primary roles for ERα are in the uterus and neuroendocrine system, as female mice lacking ERα are infertile due to impaired ovarian and uterine function, whereas female mice lacking ERβ are subfertile due to ovarian defects. The development of effective therapies for estrogen-related diseases has relied on an understanding of the physiological roles and mechanistic functionalities of ERα and ERβ in human health and disease.
Topics: Animals; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrogen Receptor beta; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Mice; Ovary; Uterus
PubMed: 28527569
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.12.005 -
Nature Communications Jul 2019The ovary is perhaps the most dynamic organ in the human body, only rivaled by the uterus. The molecular mechanisms that regulate follicular growth and regression,...
The ovary is perhaps the most dynamic organ in the human body, only rivaled by the uterus. The molecular mechanisms that regulate follicular growth and regression, ensuring ovarian tissue homeostasis, remain elusive. We have performed single-cell RNA-sequencing using human adult ovaries to provide a map of the molecular signature of growing and regressing follicular populations. We have identified different types of granulosa and theca cells and detected local production of components of the complement system by (atretic) theca cells and stromal cells. We also have detected a mixture of adaptive and innate immune cells, as well as several types of endothelial and smooth muscle cells to aid the remodeling process. Our results highlight the relevance of mapping whole adult organs at the single-cell level and reflect ongoing efforts to map the human body. The association between complement system and follicular remodeling may provide key insights in reproductive biology and (in)fertility.
Topics: Adult; Base Sequence; Endothelial Cells; Female; Granulosa Cells; Humans; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Ovarian Follicle; Ovulation; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Theca Cells; Uterus
PubMed: 31320652
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11036-9 -
International Journal of Radiation... Jul 2012To define a male and female pelvic normal tissue contouring atlas for Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials.
PURPOSE
To define a male and female pelvic normal tissue contouring atlas for Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
One male pelvis computed tomography (CT) data set and one female pelvis CT data set were shared via the Image-Guided Therapy QA Center. A total of 16 radiation oncologists participated. The following organs at risk were contoured in both CT sets: anus, anorectum, rectum (gastrointestinal and genitourinary definitions), bowel NOS (not otherwise specified), small bowel, large bowel, and proximal femurs. The following were contoured in the male set only: bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penile bulb. The following were contoured in the female set only: uterus, cervix, and ovaries. A computer program used the binomial distribution to generate 95% group consensus contours. These contours and definitions were then reviewed by the group and modified.
RESULTS
The panel achieved consensus definitions for pelvic normal tissue contouring in RTOG trials with these standardized names: Rectum, AnoRectum, SmallBowel, Colon, BowelBag, Bladder, UteroCervix, Adnexa_R, Adnexa_L, Prostate, SeminalVesc, PenileBulb, Femur_R, and Femur_L. Two additional normal structures whose purpose is to serve as targets in anal and rectal cancer were defined: AnoRectumSig and Mesorectum. Detailed target volume contouring guidelines and images are discussed.
CONCLUSIONS
Consensus guidelines for pelvic normal tissue contouring were reached and are available as a CT image atlas on the RTOG Web site. This will allow uniformity in defining normal tissues for clinical trials delivering pelvic radiation and will facilitate future normal tissue complication research.
Topics: Adnexa Uteri; Female; Femur; Humans; Intestines; Male; Medical Illustration; Organs at Risk; Ovary; Pelvis; Penis; Prostate; Radiation Oncology; Radiography; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; Radiotherapy, Image-Guided; Sex Factors; Urinary Bladder; Uterus
PubMed: 22483697
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.01.023 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Dec 2020To describe the clinical and ultrasound characteristics of adnexal torsion.
OBJECTIVES
To describe the clinical and ultrasound characteristics of adnexal torsion.
METHODS
This was a retrospective study. From the operative records of the eight participating gynecological ultrasound centers, we identified patients with a surgically confirmed diagnosis of adnexal torsion, defined as surgical evidence of ovarian pedicle, paraovarian cyst and/or Fallopian tube twisted on its own axis, who had undergone preoperative ultrasound examination by an experienced examiner, between 2008 and 2018. Only cases with at least two available ultrasound images and/or videoclips (one grayscale and one with Doppler evaluation) were included. Clinical, ultrasound, surgical and histological information was retrieved from each patient's medical record and entered into an Excel file by the principal investigator at each center. In addition, two authors reviewed all available ultrasound images and videoclips of the twisted adnexa, with regard to the presence of four predefined ultrasound features reported to be characteristic of adnexal torsion: (1) ovarian stromal edema with or without peripherally displaced antral follicles, (2) the follicular ring sign, (3) the whirlpool sign and (4) absence of vascularization in the twisted organ.
RESULTS
A total of 315 cases of adnexal torsion were identified. The median age of the patients was 30 (range, 1-88) years. Most patients were premenopausal (284/314; 90.4%) and presented with acute or subacute pelvic pain (305/315; 96.8%). The surgical approach was laparoscopic in 239/312 (76.6%) patients and conservative surgery (untwisting with or without excision of a lesion) was performed in 149/315 (47.3%) cases. According to the original ultrasound reports, the median largest diameter of the twisted organ was 83 (range, 30-349) mm. Free fluid in the pouch of Douglas was detected in 196/275 (71.3%) patients. Ovarian stromal edema with or without peripherally displaced antral follicles was reported in the original ultrasound report in 167/241 (69.3%) patients, the whirlpool sign in 178/226 (78.8%) patients, absent color Doppler signals in the twisted organ in 119/269 (44.2%) patients and the follicular ring sign in 51/134 (38.1%) patients. On retrospective review of images and videoclips, ovarian stromal edema with or without peripherally displaced antral follicles (201/254; 79.1%) and the whirlpool sign (139/153; 90.8%) were the most commonly detected features of adnexal torsion.
CONCLUSION
Most patients with surgically confirmed adnexal torsion are of reproductive age and present with acute or subacute pain. Common ultrasound signs are an enlarged adnexa, the whirlpool sign, ovarian stromal edema with or without peripherally displaced antral follicles and free fluid in the pelvis. The follicular ring sign and absence of Doppler signals in the twisted organ are slightly less common signs. Recognizing ultrasound signs of adnexal torsion is important so that the correct treatment, i.e. surgery without delay, can be offered. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Topics: Adnexa Uteri; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Ovarian Torsion; Pelvic Pain; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Urogenital Abnormalities; Uterus
PubMed: 31975482
DOI: 10.1002/uog.21981 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Oct 2022The aim of this study was to evaluate two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes of the ovary and uterus during estrus and the early post-estrus period in...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes of the ovary and uterus during estrus and the early post-estrus period in domestic cats.
METHODS
Two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic evaluations of the ovaries and uterus were performed in seven queens on days 1, 3 and 5 of estrus, and 5 days after estrus (AE5).
RESULTS
On day 1, 5.4 ± 0.5 follicles of 2.1 ± 0.1 mm were detected progressively increasing in number and size up to day 5 and then decreased on AE5 ( <0.05). A maximum follicular diameter of 4.1 ± 0.1 mm was achieved on day 5. Both during and after estrus, the uterus was generally hypoechoic compared with the surrounding tissues and delineated by a thin hyperechoic line corresponding to the serosa. In some animals, the uterine layers were distinguished during and after estrus. The blood flow waveforms of the intraovarian and uterine arteries were characterized by a systolic peak and diastolic flow extending throughout the remainder of the cardiac cycle to the next systole. In the uterine artery waveforms, the early diastolic notch was mild or absent during most estrous observations. The resistance index of the intraovarian arteries decreased up to day 5, and then increased on AE5 ( <0.05). The resistance index of the uterine arteries was lower during estrus than in the post-estrus period ( <0.05).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
It is concluded that in the domestic cat, follicular number and diameter as well as ovarian and uterine blood flow changed during and immediately after estrus. Doppler ultrasound proved suitable to evaluate the hemodynamic changes involved in the cyclic remodeling of ovarian and uterine tissues that occurs during and after follicular growth in domestic cats.
Topics: Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Cats; Estrus; Female; Ovary; Ultrasonography; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Uterus
PubMed: 34915765
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X211067016 -
The British Journal of Radiology Jul 2019Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for the evaluation of suspected adnexal masses, endometriosis and uterine tumors, whereas MRI is used as a secondary... (Review)
Review
Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for the evaluation of suspected adnexal masses, endometriosis and uterine tumors, whereas MRI is used as a secondary diagnostic tool to better characterize these lesions. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest advances in the imaging of these utero-ovarian pathologies.
Topics: Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Ovarian Diseases; Ovary; Ultrasonography; Uterine Diseases; Uterus
PubMed: 31169406
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180439 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022This Special Issue is intended to provide up-to-date information on reproduction, including the reproduction of germ cells and reproductive organs (ovary, testis, and...
This Special Issue is intended to provide up-to-date information on reproduction, including the reproduction of germ cells and reproductive organs (ovary, testis, and uterus) [...].
Topics: Female; Germ Cells; Humans; Male; Ovary; Reproduction; Testis; Uterus
PubMed: 35806199
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137183 -
The Oncologist Feb 2018Adult survivors of childhood cancers are more prone to developing poor reproductive and obstetrical outcomes than their siblings and the general population as a result... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Adult survivors of childhood cancers are more prone to developing poor reproductive and obstetrical outcomes than their siblings and the general population as a result of previous exposure to chemotherapy and radiation during childhood. Chemotherapy drugs exert cytotoxic effects systemically and therefore can damage the ovaries, leading to infertility, premature ovarian failure, and, to a lesser extent, spontaneous abortions. They have very limited or no deleterious effects on the uterus that can be recognized clinically. By contrast, radiation is detrimental to both the ovaries and the uterus, thereby causing a greater magnitude of adverse effects on the female reproductive function. These include infertility, premature ovarian failure, miscarriage, fetal growth restrictions, perinatal deaths, preterm births, delivery of small-for-gestational-age infants, preeclampsia, and abnormal placentation. Regrettably, the majority of these adverse outcomes arise from radiation-induced uterine injury and are reported at higher incidence in the adult survivors of childhood cancers who were exposed to uterine radiation during childhood in the form of pelvic, spinal, or total-body irradiation. Recent findings of long-term follow-up studies evaluating reproductive performance of female survivors provided some reassurance to female cancer survivors by documenting that pregnancy and live birth rates were not significantly compromised in survivors, including those who had been treated with alkylating agents and had not received pelvic, cranial, and total-body irradiation. We aimed in this narrative review article to provide an update on the impact of chemotherapy and radiation on the ovarian and uterine function in female survivors of childhood cancer.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Adult survivors of childhood cancers are more prone to developing a number of poor reproductive and obstetrical outcomes than their siblings and the general population as a result of previous exposure to chemotherapy and radiation during childhood. The impact of radiation therapy on the female genital system is greater than chemotherapy regimens because radiation is detrimental to both the uterus and the ovaries, whereas toxic effects of chemotherapy drugs are confined to the ovaries. Therefore, radiation-induced uterine damage accounts for most poor obstetrical outcomes in the survivors. These include infertility, miscarriages, stillbirths, fetal growth restrictions, preeclampsia, and preterm deliveries.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cancer Survivors; Child; Female; Humans; Neoplasms; Ovary; Uterus
PubMed: 29158370
DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0201 -
Reproductive Sciences (Thousand Oaks,... May 2021During pregnancy, supply of nutrients and exposure of the mother to environmental factors can influence fetus phenotype, possibly modifying growth of fetal tissues and...
During pregnancy, supply of nutrients and exposure of the mother to environmental factors can influence fetus phenotype, possibly modifying growth of fetal tissues and organs. Few studies inconsistently reported that fetuses exposed to an insufficient energy supply, as those born small for gestational age, may have a reduced volume of uterus and ovaries. A retrospective analysis was performed on ultrasound data performed between 2012 and 2018 in 69 young premenarchal girls, 5 to 9 years of age, attending our endocrine-gynecologic clinic for a suspect of early puberty. Length of pregnancy and birthweight was also retrieved. When corrected for age, and presence of ovarian follicles, ovarian volume was positively (R = 0.210; p = 0.001) related to percentiles of birthweight (beta coefficient 0.012; 95% CI, 0.002-0.021). Similarly, uterine volume was positively (R = 0.237; p = 0.005) related to percentiles of birthweight (beta coefficient 0.067; 95% CI, 0.021-0.114). Ovarian (p = 0.034) and uterine (p = 0.014) volume was higher in the upper 3rd distribution of birthweight percentiles. In conclusion, development of ovarian and uterine volume increases progressively with the increase of birthweight percentiles. The data indicate an association between birthweight and the volume of uterus and ovary at 5-9 years of age.
Topics: Birth Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Menarche; Organ Size; Ovary; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Uterus
PubMed: 33058070
DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00351-y -
Singapore Medical Journal Apr 2007With the recent advances in reproductive medicine, hysterosalpingography has become a relatively quick and noninvasive examination to evaluate fallopian tubes and... (Review)
Review
With the recent advances in reproductive medicine, hysterosalpingography has become a relatively quick and noninvasive examination to evaluate fallopian tubes and uterine cavity. It remains the best modality to image fallopian tubes. Congenital uterine malformations, technical artefacts and pathological findings are depicted. Pathological findings that can be detected on hysterosalpingography include salpingitis isthmica nodosa, tubal blockage, peritubal adhesion, submucosal leiomyoma, endometrial polyp, endometrial carcinoma, synechiae and adenomyosis.
Topics: Fallopian Tubes; Female; Humans; Hysterosalpingography; Uterus
PubMed: 17384889
DOI: No ID Found