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Viruses May 2022Primary simian varicella virus (SVV) infection and reactivation in nonhuman primates is a valuable animal model in the study of varicella zoster virus disease [varicella...
Primary simian varicella virus (SVV) infection and reactivation in nonhuman primates is a valuable animal model in the study of varicella zoster virus disease [varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles)]. To understand SVV pathogenesis in skin, we inoculated 10 rhesus macaques with SVV, resulting in varicella rash. After the establishment of latency, eight of the monkeys were immunosuppressed using tacrolimus with or without irradiation and prednisone and two monkeys were not immunosuppressed. Zoster rash developed in all immunosuppressed monkeys and in one non-immunosuppressed monkey. Five monkeys had recurrent zoster. During varicella and zoster, SVV DNA in skin scrapings ranged from 50 to 10 copies/100 ng of total DNA and 2-127 copies/100 ng of total DNA, respectively. Detection of SVV DNA in blood during varicella was more frequent and abundant compared to that of zoster. During varicella and zoster, SVV antigens colocalized with neurons expressing β-III tubulin in epidermis, hair follicles, and sweat glands, suggesting axonal transport of the virus. Together, we have demonstrated that both SVV DNA and antigens can be detected in skin lesions during varicella and zoster, providing the basis for further studies on SVV skin pathogenesis, including immune responses and mechanisms of peripheral spread.
Topics: Animals; Chickenpox; Exanthema; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Macaca mulatta; Varicellovirus
PubMed: 35746639
DOI: 10.3390/v14061167 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Apr 1963
Topics: Chickenpox; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral
PubMed: 14018930
DOI: No ID Found -
Viruses Nov 2017Ocular herpesviruses, most notably human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), infect and cause severe... (Review)
Review
Ocular herpesviruses, most notably human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), infect and cause severe disease that may lead to blindness. CHV-1 and FHV-1 have a pathogenesis and induce clinical disease in their hosts that is similar to HSV-1 ocular infections in humans, suggesting that infection of dogs and cats with CHV-1 and FHV-1, respectively, can be used as a comparative natural host model of herpesvirus-induced ocular disease. In this review, we discuss both strengths and limitations of the various available model systems to study ocular herpesvirus infection, with a focus on the use of these non-traditional virus-natural host models. Recent work has demonstrated the robustness and reproducibility of experimental ocular herpesvirus infections in dogs and cats, and, therefore, these non-traditional models can provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of ocular herpesvirus infections.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Cats; Disease Models, Animal; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Eye Diseases; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Canid; Models, Biological
PubMed: 29156583
DOI: 10.3390/v9110349 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2003Primary infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can cause clinical symptoms in the peripheral and central nervous system, upper respiratory tract, and... (Review)
Review
Primary infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can cause clinical symptoms in the peripheral and central nervous system, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Recurrent ocular shedding leads to corneal scarring that can progress to vision loss. Consequently, HSV-1 is the leading cause of corneal blindness due to an infectious agent. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) has similar biological properties to HSV-1 and is a significant health concern to the cattle industry. Latency of BHV-1 and HSV-1 is established in sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglia, but latency can be interrupted periodically, leading to reactivation from latency and spread of infectious virus. The ability of HSV-1 and BHV-1 to reactivate from latency leads to virus transmission and can lead to recurrent disease in individuals latently infected with HSV-1. During latency, the only abundant HSV-1 RNA expressed is the latency-associated transcript (LAT). In latently infected cattle, the latency-related (LR) RNA is the only abundant transcript that is expressed. LAT and LR RNA are antisense to ICP0 or bICP0, viral genes that are crucial for productive infection, suggesting that LAT and LR RNA interfere with productive infection by inhibiting ICP0 or bICP0 expression. Numerous studies have concluded that LAT expression is important for the latency-reactivation cycle in animal models. The LR gene has recently been demonstrated to be required for the latency-reactivation cycle in cattle. Several recent studies have demonstrated that LAT and the LR gene inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death) in trigeminal ganglia of infected animals and transiently transfected cells. The antiapoptotic properties of LAT map to the same sequences that are necessary for promoting reactivation from latency. This review summarizes our current knowledge of factors regulating the latency-reactivation cycle of HSV-1 and BHV-1.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Neurons; Virus Latency
PubMed: 12525426
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.1.79-95.2003 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Nov 2022Herpesviruses are a class of double-stranded DNA viruses found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. They are usually highly host-specific and do not easily spread...
BACKGROUND
Herpesviruses are a class of double-stranded DNA viruses found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. They are usually highly host-specific and do not easily spread across species. Chinchillas have gradually entered the Chinese pet market in recent years, but references to viral infections in chinchillas are extremely scarce, and only two reports about the herpesvirus in chinchillas are available at present.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to present the first report of FHV-1 infection in chinchillas.
METHODS
A total of 130 nasopharyngeal swab samples of chinchillas and three nasopharyngeal swabs of domestic cats collected from a chinchillas farm were investigated by nested PCR for FHV-1.
RESULTS
Four chinchillas were infected with FHV-1, the positive rate was 3.08% (4/130), and two domestic cats were FHV-1 positive (2/3). The 253 bp fragments of FHV-1 gD gene from four chinchillas and two domestic cats were 100% identical, respectively, and the homology between chinchillas and domestic cat was 99.21%, but they all shared nearly 98.81% homology with the reference strain sequences. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these four chinchillas strains were clustered together with FHV-1.
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first time that FHV-1 was detected in chinchillas and suggested chinchillas are susceptible to FHV-1 and may play a role as a temporary reservoir for FHV-1.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Chinchilla; Phylogeny; Varicellovirus; Farms
PubMed: 36037318
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.914 -
Neurological Sciences : Official... Apr 2022Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1) is a type of neurotropic virus able to infect various species. However, the clinical cases of human SHV1 encephalitis are still rarely...
BACKGROUND
Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1) is a type of neurotropic virus able to infect various species. However, the clinical cases of human SHV1 encephalitis are still rarely reported, and the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of human SHV1 encephalitis are still unclear.
METHODS
In this study, we reported 2 cases of human encephalitis associated with SHV1 infection and reviewed the other 18 cases from the literatures. A total of 20 cases with human SHV1 encephalitis were summarized and re-analyzed.
RESULTS
Nineteen of 20 patients had a history of swine-related occupational exposure before illness onset. All patients initially presented with influenza-like symptoms and then developed seizures, disturbed consciousness, and endophthalmitis. All patients with clinical outcome of modified Rankin Scale of 5 or 6 suffered from rapid progressive respiratory failure. The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated aseptic or viral infection. MRI findings of SHV1 encephalitis were prone to distribute in temporal-frontal and insular cortex, which was similar to the pattern of herpes simplex virus encephalitis, while some cases with involvements of gray matter nuclei had a high rate of mortality. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) revealed that all patients had unique SHV1 sequences with variable reads in the CSF.
CONCLUSIONS
The variant SHV1 can cause a new type of human viral encephalitis, characterized by acute, fulminating, and catastrophic central nervous system infection. Rapid progressive respiratory failure and extensive lesions of deep gray matter nuclei might be indicators to poor prognosis. No approved treatments for the encephalitis are available, but it is possible to diagnose encephalitis quickly by mNGS.
Topics: Animals; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex; Encephalitis, Viral; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Swine
PubMed: 34647219
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05633-0 -
Veterinary Research 2007Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), classified as an alphaherpesvirus, is a major pathogen of cattle. Primary infection is accompanied by various clinical manifestations such... (Review)
Review
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), classified as an alphaherpesvirus, is a major pathogen of cattle. Primary infection is accompanied by various clinical manifestations such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, abortion, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, and systemic infection in neonates. When animals survive, a life-long latent infection is established in nervous sensory ganglia. Several reactivation stimuli can lead to viral re-excretion, which is responsible for the maintenance of BoHV-1 within a cattle herd. This paper focuses on an updated pathogenesis based on a molecular characterization of BoHV-1 and the description of the virus cycle. Special emphasis is accorded to the impact of the latency and reactivation cycle on the epidemiology and the control of BoHV-1. Several European countries have initiated BoHV-1 eradication schemes because of the significant losses incurred by disease and trading restrictions. The vaccines used against BoHV-1 are described in this context where the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals is of critical importance to achieve BoHV-1 eradication.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
PubMed: 17257569
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006059 -
Journal of Virological Methods Feb 2023Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpesvirus and causes chickenpox and shingles. Research into its molecular virology has been hampered by a lack of methods for...
Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpesvirus and causes chickenpox and shingles. Research into its molecular virology has been hampered by a lack of methods for generation of high-titre, cell-free infectious virus preparations. VZV propagation and infection in vitro are therefore commonly achieved by co-culture of uninfected 'target' cells with infected 'inoculum' cells. A major drawback of this approach is that it results in mixed cell populations after infection. To overcome this limitation we developed a transwell-based VZV infection system. Infected inoculum cells and uninfected target cells are spatially separated by a transwell membrane. While cell-cell contact and VZV spread can occur through membrane pores, the two cell populations do not mix. This simple protocol requires no special instrumentation or reagents. We successfully used this system for infection of a range of target cells and obtained pure populations for downstream analyses such as flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. In sum, we developed a broadly applicable approach to study the molecular and cellular biology as well as host-pathogen interactions of VZV.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpes Zoster; Chickenpox
PubMed: 36442623
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114661 -
Veterinary Research Oct 2014The viral envelope glycoprotein D from bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and -5), two important pathogens of cattle, is a major component of the virion and plays a... (Review)
Review
The viral envelope glycoprotein D from bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and -5), two important pathogens of cattle, is a major component of the virion and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses. Glycoprotein D is essential for virus penetration into permissive cells and thus is a major target for virus neutralizing antibodies during infection. In view of its role in the induction of protective immunity, gD has been tested in new vaccine development strategies against both viruses. Subunit, DNA and vectored vaccine candidates have been developed using this glycoprotein as the primary antigen, demonstrating that gD has the capacity to induce robust virus neutralizing antibodies and strong cell-mediated immune responses, as well as protection from clinical symptoms, in target species. This review highlights the structural and functional characteristics of BoHV-1, BoHV-5 and where appropriate, Human herpesvirus gD, as well as its role in viral entry and interactions with host cell receptors. Furthermore, the interactions of gD with the host immune system are discussed. Finally, the application of this glycoprotein in new vaccine design is reviewed, taking its structural and functional characteristics into consideration.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Herpesvirus 5, Bovine; Humans; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 25359626
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0111-x -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Apr 1965
Topics: Epidemiology; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans
PubMed: 14272506
DOI: No ID Found