-
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2016Non-healing chronic wounds present a major biological, psychological, social, and financial burden on both individual patients and the broader health system.... (Review)
Review
Non-healing chronic wounds present a major biological, psychological, social, and financial burden on both individual patients and the broader health system. Pathologically extensive inflammation plays a major role in the disruption of the normal healing cascade. The causes of chronic wounds (venous, arterial, pressure, and diabetic ulcers) can be examined through a juxtaposition of normal healing and the rogue inflammatory response created by the common components within chronic wounds (ageing, hypoxia, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and bacterial colonisation). Wound bed care through debridement, dressings, and antibiotics currently form the basic mode of treatment. Despite recent setbacks, pharmaceutical adjuncts form an interesting area of research.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Inflammation; Skin; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 27973441
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122085 -
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care... Nov 2020
Topics: Algorithms; Anticoagulants; Critical Pathways; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Pulmonary Embolism; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Societies, Medical; Traumatology; United States; Venous Thrombosis; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 32590563
DOI: 10.1097/TA.0000000000002830 -
Platelets May 2020A confluence of technological advances in genetic manipulation and molecular-based fluorescence imaging has led to the widespread adoption of laser injury models to... (Review)
Review
A confluence of technological advances in genetic manipulation and molecular-based fluorescence imaging has led to the widespread adoption of laser injury models to study hemostasis and thrombosis in mice. In all animal models of hemostasis and thrombosis, detailing the nature of experimentally induced vascular injury is paramount in enabling appropriate interpretation of experimental results. A careful appraisal of the literature shows that direct laser-induced injury can result in variable degrees of vascular damage. This review will compare and contrast models of laser injury utilized in the field, with an emphasis on the mechanism and extent of injury, the use of laser injury in different vascular beds and the molecular mechanisms regulating the response to injury. All of these topics will be discussed in the context of how distinct applications of laser injury models may be viewed as representing thrombosis and/or hemostasis.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelial Cells; Femoral Artery; Hemostasis; Humans; Intravital Microscopy; Laser Therapy; Mice; Platelet Activation; Saphenous Vein; Thrombosis; Thromboxane A2; Vascular System Injuries
PubMed: 32297542
DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1748589 -
Colombia Medica (Cali, Colombia) 2021In patients with abdominal trauma who require laparotomy, up to a quarter or a third will have a vascular injury. The venous structures mainly injured are the vena cava... (Review)
Review
In patients with abdominal trauma who require laparotomy, up to a quarter or a third will have a vascular injury. The venous structures mainly injured are the vena cava (29%) and the iliac veins (20%), and arterial vessels are the iliac arteries (16%) and the aorta (14%). The initial approach is performed following the ATLS principles. This manuscript aims to present the surgical approach to abdominal vascular trauma following damage control principles. The priority in a trauma laparotomy is bleeding control. Hemorrhages of intraperitoneal origin are controlled by applying pressure, clamping, packing, and retroperitoneal with selective pressure. After the temporary bleeding control is achieved, the compromised vascular structure must be identified, according to the location of the hematomas. The management of all lesions should be oriented towards the expeditious conclusion of the laparotomy, focusing efforts on the bleeding control and contamination, with a postponement of the definitive management. Their management of vascular injuries includes ligation, transient bypass, and packing of selected low-pressure vessels and bleeding surfaces. Subsequently, the unconventional closure of the abdominal cavity should be performed, preferably with negative pressure systems, to reoperate once the hemodynamic alterations and coagulopathy have been corrected to carry out the definitive management.
Topics: Abdominal Injuries; Aorta; Arteries; Humans; Iliac Vein; Vascular System Injuries
PubMed: 35027780
DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i2.4808 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2022Background and Objectives: Retrograde free venous flaps represent a separate entity among free venous flaps: their physiology is still unclear, but they provide an...
Background and Objectives: Retrograde free venous flaps represent a separate entity among free venous flaps: their physiology is still unclear, but they provide an immediate visible refill after reconnection, with a similar behaviour to conventional flaps. Therefore, the dimensions and the indications of these flaps can be extended beyond what was previously believed, and they can be easily customized, including with respect to tendons and nerves. Nevertheless, they are still debated and regarded as unsafe. Materials and Methods: From 2012 to 2019, we performed 31 retrograde free venous flaps on 31 patients to reconstruct hands, digits, and in one case the heel. All the flaps were arterialized in a retrograde manner; the donor site was the forearm in 28 cases, the foot in 2 cases, and the calf in 1 case. We recorded the size, vein architecture, donor site, donor artery, donor morbidity, function for composite and non-composite flaps, immediate complications, late complications, survival rate, and the number of revisions. We recorded the hand function when appropriate. A total of 10 flaps were also intraoperatively studied with indocyanine green to monitor their hemodynamical behaviour. Results: All the patients were followed for an average of 8 months (6−15). The flap dimensions ranged from 6 cm2 to 136 cm2. All the flaps, except two that had complete necrosis, survived. Two flaps had partial necrosis. There was no correlation between necrosis and the size of the flap, with one case of necrosis and one of partial necrosis in the small flaps (<10 cm2). None of the cases with partial necrosis needed a new flap. Two flaps developed a late arterio-venous shunt that was ligated. Conclusions: The retrograde free venous flaps proved to be a useful tool for complex reconstructions of the hand and extremities. They can provide a large island of pliable skin and composite tissue with tendons and nerves, but surgeons must be aware of some caveats.
Topics: Forearm; Hand Injuries; Humans; Necrosis; Soft Tissue Injuries; Surgical Flaps; Veins
PubMed: 36013532
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081065 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and... Apr 2016Extremity venous injury management remains controversial. The purpose of this communication is to offer perspective as well as experiential and technical insight into... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Extremity venous injury management remains controversial. The purpose of this communication is to offer perspective as well as experiential and technical insight into extremity venous injury repair.
METHODS
Available literature is reviewed and discussed. Historical context is provided. Indication, the decision process for repair, including technical conduct, is delineated. In particular, the authors' experiences in both civilian and wartime injury are used for perspective.
RESULTS
Extremity venous injury repair was championed within data from the Vietnam Vascular Registry. However, patterns of extremity venous injury differ between combat and civilian settings. Since Vietnam, civilian descriptive series opine the benefits and potential complications associated with both venous injury repair and ligation. These surround extremity edema, chronic venous insufficiency, thromboembolism, and limb loss. Whereas no clear superiority in either approach has been identified to date, there appears to be no increased risk of pulmonary embolism or chronic venous changes with repair. Newer data from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and meta-analysis have reinforced this and also have suggested limb salvage benefit for extremity venous repair in combined arterial and venous injuries in modern settings. The patient's physiologic state and associated injury drive five triage categories suggesting vein injury management. Vein repair thrombosis occurs in a significant proportion, yet many recanalize and possibly have a positive impact on limb venous return. Further, early decompression favors reduced blood loss, acute edema, and inflammation, supporting collateral development. Large soft tissue injury minimizing collateral capacity increases the importance of repair. Constructs of repair are varied with modest differences in patency. Venous shunting is feasible, but specific roles remain nebulous.
CONCLUSIONS
An aggressive posture toward extremity venous injury repair seems justified today because of the likely role in reducing venous hypertensive sequelae as well as a potential role in limb salvage. Appropriate triage selection for extremity vein repair is essential.
Topics: Afghanistan; Amputation, Surgical; Humans; Iraq; Limb Salvage; Lower Extremity; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Vascular Surgical Procedures; Veins; Vietnam
PubMed: 26993874
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.07.003 -
Brain : a Journal of Neurology Jun 2020Recently, age-related timing dissociation between the superficial and deep venous systems has been observed; this was particularly pronounced in patients with normal...
Recently, age-related timing dissociation between the superficial and deep venous systems has been observed; this was particularly pronounced in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, suggesting a common mechanism of ventriculomegaly. Establishing the relationship between venous drainage and ventricular enlargement would be clinically relevant and could provide insight into the mechanisms underlying brain ageing. To investigate a possible link between venous drainage and ventriculomegaly in both normal ageing and pathological conditions, we compared 225 healthy subjects (137 males and 88 females) and 71 traumatic brain injury patients of varying ages (53 males and 18 females) using MRI-based volumetry and a novel perfusion-timing analysis. Volumetry, focusing on the CSF space, revealed that the sulcal space and ventricular size presented different lifespan profiles with age; the latter presented a quadratic, rather than linear, pattern of increase. The venous timing shift slightly preceded this change, supporting a role for venous drainage in ventriculomegaly. In traumatic brain injury, a small but significant disease effect, similar to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, was found in venous timing, but it tended to decrease with age at injury, suggesting an overlapping mechanism with normal ageing. Structural bias due to, or a direct causative role of ventriculomegaly was unlikely to play a dominant role, because of the low correlation between venous timing and ventricular size after adjustment for age in both patients and controls. Since post-traumatic hydrocephalus can be asymptomatic and occasionally overlooked, the observation suggested a link between venous drainage and CSF accumulation. Thus, hydrocephalus, involving venous insufficiency, may be a part of normal ageing, can be detected non-invasively, and is potentially treatable. Further investigation into the clinical application of this new marker of venous function is therefore warranted.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Femoral Vein; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure; Iliac Vein; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Nervous System Malformations; Popliteal Vein; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 32372102
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa125 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and... Sep 2019Athletes are generally young, high-functioning individuals. Pathology in this cohort is associated with a decrease in function and consequently has major implications on... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Athletes are generally young, high-functioning individuals. Pathology in this cohort is associated with a decrease in function and consequently has major implications on quality of life. Venous disorders can be attributed to a combination of vascular compression with a high burden of activity.
OBJECTIVE
This article promotes increased awareness of these uncommon conditions specific to the athlete by summarizing pathophysiology, clinical features, investigation, and treatment protocols for use in clinical practice. Prognostic outcomes of these management regimens are also discussed, allowing for clinicians to counsel these high-functioning individuals appropriately. With the aim of providing an overview of sport-related venous pathology, a literature review was undertaken identifying articles that were independently reviewed by the authors.
RESULTS
Lower limb venous thrombosis has been identified in young, high-functioning athletes attributed to both compression-related venous trauma, associated with repetitive movements resulting in intimal damage, and blunt trauma. The diagnosis and treatment follow the same protocols as for the general population. Of note, early ambulation is advocated, with an aim to return to premorbid (noncontact) function within 6 weeks. Athletes performing high-intensity repetitive upper limb movement, such as baseball players, are predisposed to upper limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Diagnosis follows the same protocols as for lower extremity DVT; however, the optimal treatment strategy remains debated. Current guidelines advocate the use of anticoagulation alone. A specific subset of primary upper limb DVT is effort thrombosis, where there is compression at the level of the thoracic outlet. Thrombolysis with first rib resection is indicated in the acute setting within 14 days. In cases of complete occlusion, surgical decompression with venous reconstruction may be required. Popliteal vein entrapment syndrome is also discussed. This entity has been identified as an overuse injury associated with popliteal vein compression. Duplex ultrasound examination is indicated as a first-line investigation, with conservative noninvasive options considered as an initial management strategy. Chronic venous insufficiency or persistent symptoms may require subsequent surgical decompression.
CONCLUSIONS
Key conditions including upper extremity and lower extremity venous thrombosis, venous aneurysms, Paget-Schroetter syndrome (effort thrombosis), and popliteal vein entrapment syndrome are discussed. Further studies evaluating long-term outcomes on morbidity for current treatment regimens in upper extremity DVT, effort thrombosis, venous thoracic outlet syndrome, and popliteal venous entrapment syndrome are required.
Topics: Aneurysm; Athletic Injuries; Humans; Risk Factors; Thoracic Outlet Syndrome; Treatment Outcome; Vascular System Injuries; Veins; Venous Insufficiency; Venous Thrombosis; Wounds, Nonpenetrating
PubMed: 31231058
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03.012 -
Minerva Anestesiologica Oct 2011Over the last two decades, experimental and clinical data have begun to shape a more discriminating approach to intravascular (IV) fluid infusions in the resuscitation... (Review)
Review
Over the last two decades, experimental and clinical data have begun to shape a more discriminating approach to intravascular (IV) fluid infusions in the resuscitation of trauma patients with presumed internal hemorrhage. This approach takes into account the presence of potentially uncontrollable hemorrhage (e.g., deep intra-abdominal or intra-thoracic injury) versus a controllable source (e.g. distal extremity wound). This limitation on fluid resuscitation is particularly applicable in the case of patients with penetrating truncal injury being transported rapidly to a nearby definitive care center. Meanwhile, longstanding debates over the type of fluid that should be infused remain largely unresolved and further complicated by recent clinical trials that did not demonstrate support for either hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers or hypertonic saline. However, there is also growing evidence that does support the increased use of fresh frozen plasma as well as tourniquets, and intra-osseous devices. While a more discriminating approach to fluid infusions have evolved, it has also become clear that positive pressure ventilatory support should be limited in the face of potential severe hemorrhage due to the accompanying reductions in venous return. Controversies over prehospital endotracheal tube placement are confounded by this factor as well as the effects of paramedic deployment strategies and related skills usage. Beyond these traditional areas of focus, a number of very compelling clinical observations and an extensive body of experimental data has generated a very persuasive argument that intravenous estrogen and progesterone may be of value in trauma management, particularly severe traumatic brain injury and burns.
Topics: Blood Volume; Catheters, Indwelling; Fluid Therapy; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Hemostasis; Humans; Plasma Substitutes; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Resuscitation; Wounds and Injuries; Wounds, Nonpenetrating; Wounds, Penetrating
PubMed: 21952600
DOI: No ID Found -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Jun 2020Inferior vena caval (IVC) injuries are uncommon and challenging to treat. Less than 5% of patients with penetrating abdominal trauma and less than 0.5% of patients with... (Review)
Review
Inferior vena caval (IVC) injuries are uncommon and challenging to treat. Less than 5% of patients with penetrating abdominal trauma and less than 0.5% of patients with blunt abdominal trauma have this injury. Patient can present with intraperitoneal haemorrhage or with a contained retroperitoneal haematoma. Mostly it is associated with other abdominal structures injuries. Most commonly injured segment is infrarenal IVC. Operative strategy is different for each segment of injured vein. Infrahepatic injuries are exposed by medial visceral rotation. Retrohepatic and suprahepatic injuries need infrequent exposures. Mortality remains high and range between 31-51% for the patient brought alive to the operative room. Glasgow coma scale, level of injury, haemodynamic status at presentation and free blood in the peritoneal cavity are some of the predictive factors for mortality in these patients.
Topics: Abdominal Injuries; Glasgow Coma Scale; Hematoma; Humans; Vena Cava, Inferior; Wounds, Nonpenetrating
PubMed: 32810108
DOI: 10.5455/JPMA.21107