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International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2019Face scanners promise wide applications in medicine and dentistry, including facial recognition, capturing facial emotions, facial cosmetic planning and surgery, and...
Face scanners promise wide applications in medicine and dentistry, including facial recognition, capturing facial emotions, facial cosmetic planning and surgery, and maxillofacial rehabilitation. Higher accuracy improves the quality of the data recorded from the face scanner, which ultimately, will improve the outcome. Although there are various face scanners available on the market, there is no evidence of a suitable face scanner for practical applications. The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze the face scans obtained from four scanners; EinScan Pro (EP), EinScan Pro 2X Plus (EP+) (Shining 3D Tech. Co., Ltd. Hangzhou, China), iPhone X (IPX) (Apple Store, Cupertino, CA, USA), and Planmeca ProMax 3D Mid (PM) (Planmeca USA, Inc. IL, USA), and to compare scans obtained from various scanners with the control (measured from Vernier caliper). This should help to identify the appropriate scanner for face scanning. A master face model was created and printed from polylactic acid using the resolution of 200 microns on x, y, and z axes and designed in Rhinoceros 3D modeling software (Rhino, Robert McNeel and Associates for Windows, Washington DC, USA). The face models were 3D scanned with four scanners, five times, according to the manufacturer's recommendations; EinScan Pro (Shining 3D Tech. Co., Ltd. Hangzhou, China), EinScan Pro 2X Plus (Shining 3D Tech. Co., Ltd. Hangzhou, China) using Shining Software, iPhone X (Apple Store, Cupertino, CA, USA) using Bellus3D Face Application (Bellus3D, version 1.6.2, Bellus3D, Inc. Campbell, CA, USA), and Planmeca ProMax 3D Mid (PM) (Planmeca USA, Inc. IL, USA). Scan data files were saved as stereolithography (STL) files for the measurements. From the STL files, digital face models are created in the computer using Rhinoceros 3D modeling software (Rhino, Robert McNeel and Associates for Windows, Washington DC, USA). Various measurements were measured five times from the reference points in three axes (x, y, and z) using a digital Vernier caliper (VC) (Mitutoyo 150 mm Digital Caliper, Mitutoyo Co., Kanagawa, Japan), and the mean was calculated, which was used as the control. Measurements were measured on the digital face models of EP, EP+, IPX, and PM using Rhinoceros 3D modeling software (Rhino, Robert McNeel and Associates for Windows, Washington DC, USA). The descriptive statistics were done from SPSS version 20 (IBM Company, Chicago, USA). One-way ANOVA with post hoc using Scheffe was done to analyze the differences between the control and the scans (EP, EP+, IPX, and PM). The significance level was set at = 0.05. EP+ showed the highest accuracy. EP showed medium accuracy and some lesser accuracy (accurate until 10 mm of length), but IPX and PM showed the least accuracy. EP+ showed accuracy in measuring the 2 mm of depth (diameter 6 mm). All other scanners (EP, IPX, and PM) showed less accuracy in measuring depth. Finally, the accuracy of an optical scan is dependent on the technology used by each scanner. It is recommended to use EP+ for face scanning.
Topics: Face; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Software
PubMed: 31842255
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245061 -
The South African Journal of... 2020The pectoralis minor (PM) muscle is commonly regarded as a contributor to abnormal scapula positioning. Subsequently, the muscle length of the scapular stabilising...
BACKGROUND
The pectoralis minor (PM) muscle is commonly regarded as a contributor to abnormal scapula positioning. Subsequently, the muscle length of the scapular stabilising muscles may be affected, as these muscles assume a lengthened position, which over time causes weakness. There are inconsistencies regarding PM muscle length values because of the different techniques and positions used when the length of the PM muscle is measured.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the PM muscle length in participants aged 18-24 using a Vernier caliper and expressed as pectoralis minor index (PMI), with the scapula in three different positions.
METHOD
The PM muscle length of 144 participants was measured with a Vernier caliper (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.83-0.87). Measurements were made with the scapula in the resting position, in an active and a passive posterior tilt position.
RESULTS
Significant differences were observed in PMI between the resting scapula position - 10.04 (confidence interval, CI 9.93-10.14) and active posterior tilt - 10.19 (CI 10.09-10.30) ( < 0.001); the resting position - 10.04 (CI 9.93-10.14) and passive posterior tilt - 10.77 (10.66-10.87) ( < 0.001) and active - 10.19 (CI 10.09-10.30) and passive posterior tilt 10.77 (10.66-10.87) ( < 0.001). The dominant side had lower PMI values than the non-dominant side.
CONCLUSION
The significant differences between the active and posterior tilt positions suggested that optimal muscle length of PM was affected by the inner range strength of the lower fibres of Trapezius.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
It is important that in clinical practice not only the length of PM in scapular misalignment but also the strength of the antagonistic muscles is considered.
PubMed: 33241159
DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v76i1.1487 -
Cureus Jan 2021Background The asymmetric medial and lateral condyles of the distal femur and proximal tibia have a direct influence on the biomechanics of knee joint and prostheses...
Background The asymmetric medial and lateral condyles of the distal femur and proximal tibia have a direct influence on the biomechanics of knee joint and prostheses design. This study aimed to determine the morphologic data, that is., anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) widths, and the radius of curvature (ROC) of the geometric arcs of the distal femur and proximal tibia. Methods One hundred and seventeen adult dry bones (57 femurs and 60 tibias) were studied. Aspect ratios (AP/ML) were calculated. The AP and ML widths were measured using digital Vernier Caliper with a measuring range of 0-150 mm, resolution of 0.01 mm, and accuracy ± 0.02 mm. The geometric arcs of femoral and tibial condyles were divided into three parts namely anterior 1/3rd, distal (femur) or middle (tibia) 1/3rd and posterior 1/3rd and were estimated in the sagittal plane for the femur and transverse plane for tibia using the ROC gauges. Results For the femur, the mean AP length for medial and lateral condyles was 55.62 mm and 57.93 mm, respectively, while the mean ML width was 73.45 mm. For the tibia, the mean AP length for medial condyle (MC) and lateral condyle (LC) was 47.74 mm and 43.46 mm, respectively. The mean aspect ratios for the distal femur and proximal tibia were 1.26 and 1.45, respectively. The mean aspect ratios for MC and LC of the femur were 0.50 and 0.52, respectively, whereas, for tibia, they were 0.61 and 0.71, respectively. The mean ROC for femoral MC - 20.77 mm, 31.42 mm, and 19.68 mm and for LC - 21.48 mm, 64.40 mm and 19.06 mm for the anterior, distal and posterior arcs, respectively. The mean ROC for tibial MC - 22.42 mm, 22.49 mm and 19.94 mm, and LC - 19.92 mm, 21.79 mm and 20.95 mm for the anterior, middle and posterior arcs, respectively. Conclusions The morphologic data accumulated in this study for both the distal femur as well as the proximal tibia would provide guidelines and help the manufacturers of joint prostheses to address the potential for compromised implant fit and re-design and make available 'anatomic' knee prostheses appropriate for the local population which would not only improve function but also prolong the longevity of the prostheses.
PubMed: 33654592
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12907 -
Annals of Translational Medicine Aug 2021Surgical operation plays an important role in the treatment of cancer. The success of the operation lies in the complete removal of the primary and disseminated tumor...
BACKGROUND
Surgical operation plays an important role in the treatment of cancer. The success of the operation lies in the complete removal of the primary and disseminated tumor tissue while preserving the normal tissue. The development of optical molecular image navigation technology has provided a new option for intraoperative tumor visualization. In this study, a fluorescence imaging navigation system was used to detect the diameter of mice tumors and provide experimental evidence for the further development of digital diagnosis and treatment equipment.
METHODS
The minimum detection concentration in vitro of the fluorescence imaging navigation system for indocyanine green (ICG) was first detected, then 120 female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice and 120 female BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into three groups by weight, high-dose (H, 4 mg/kg), middle-dose (M, 2 mg/kg), and low-dose (L, 1 mg/kg) groups of ICG solution. After inoculating solid tumors, high, medium, and low doses of ICG were injected via the tail vein, and the tumor diameter was measured by a fluorescence imaging navigation system and vernier caliper within 24 hours of injection.
RESULTS
The minimum detectable diameter of the system could reach 0.2 mm compared with the vernier caliper, and the actual measurement error was within 0.2 mm.
CONCLUSIONS
A fluorescence imaging navigation system has high accuracy and sensitivity in the application of tumor detection, which may assist the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
PubMed: 34532375
DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3050 -
Asian Spine Journal Dec 2019Cadaveric, observational study.
STUDY DESIGN
Cadaveric, observational study.
PURPOSE
Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is characterized by excessive movement at the C1-C2 junction between the atlas and axis. An anterior surgical approach to expose the upper cervical spine for internal fixation and bone grafting has been developed to fix AAI. Currently, no anatomic information exists on the anterior transarticular atlantoaxial screw or screw and plate fixation between C1 and C2 in the Indian population. The objective of this study is to assess the anatomic landmarks of C1-C2 vertebrae: entry point, trajectory, screw length, and safety of the procedure.
OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE
Methods outlined by Magerl and Harms are the optimal approaches among the dorsal techniques. Contraindications for these techniques include aberrant location of vertebral arteries, fractures of C1-C2 posterior structures. In these cases, anterior transarticular fixation is an alternative. Several available screw insertion trajectories have been reported. Biomechanical studies have demonstrated that adequate rigidity of this fixation is comparable with posterior fusion techniques.
METHODS
Direct measurements using Vernier calipers and a goniometer were recorded from 30 embalmed human cadavers. The primary parameters measured were the minimum and maximum lateral and posterior angulations of the screw in the sagittal and coronal planes, respectively, and optimum screw length, if it was placed accurately.
RESULTS
The posterior and lateral angles of screw placement in the coronal and sagittal planes ranged from 16° to 30° (mean±standard deviation [SD], 23.93°±3.93°) and 8° to 17° (mean±SD, 13.3°±2.26°), respectively. The optimum screw length was 25-38 mm (mean±SD, 28.76±3.69 mm).
CONCLUSIONS
If the screw was inserted without lateral angulation, the spinal canal or cord could be violated. If a longer screw was inserted with greater posterior angulation, the vertebral artery at the posterior or posterolateral aspect of the C1 superior facet could be violated. Thus, 26° and 30° of lateral and posterior angulations, respectively, are the maximum angles permissible to avoid injury of the vertebral artery and violations of the spinal canal or atlanto-occipital joint.
PubMed: 31309770
DOI: 10.31616/asj.2019.0006 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Jul 2022Although a common dental problem, there are no simple instruments or reliable methods to measure cervical abrasion.
CONTEXT
Although a common dental problem, there are no simple instruments or reliable methods to measure cervical abrasion.
AIM
To study the design, development, calibration, efficacy, and compliance of usage of a novel Cervical Abrasion Index of Treatment Need (CAITN) probe to measure cervical abrasion.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN
The study was conducted as a part of comprehensive study for the development of standardized CAITN probe and index with a standard methodology for recording the abrasion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The compliance and usage of the probe were assessed by a standardized set of questionnaires to the interns followed by an study in 100 subjects. Gold standard comparisons with Vernier caliper, inter-examiner, and intra-examiner reliability were analyzed using SPSS.
RESULTS
Data from the questionnaire indicate that 100% of examiners had no difficulty in handling the instrument or measuring and reading the values. Comparison between the CAITN probe and the gold standard was statistically significant indicating a correlation for cervical abrasion measurement between the two methods ( < 0.001). The mean difference between the two measurements using the CAITN probe and gold standard method was calculated with paired -test and was insignificant ( > 0.05). High statistical significant correlation was also found for intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability measurement of CAITN probe ( < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
The design and structure of the CAITN probe are standardized with a fair gold standard comparison and that the novel probe can be used as an effective tool to measure the depth of cervical abrasion and its treatment needs.
PubMed: 36110716
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_627_21 -
Journal of International Oral Health :... 2014To estimate the age by evaluating the area and length of dentin translucency in single-rooted ground sections of extracted teeth using digital Vernier caliper and...
BACKGROUND
To estimate the age by evaluating the area and length of dentin translucency in single-rooted ground sections of extracted teeth using digital Vernier caliper and stereomicroscope.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ground sections of single rooted permanent anterior teeth were made and stained with 1% methylene blue. The area and length of dentin translucency were measured using digital Vernier caliper and with the help of stereomicroscope.
RESULTS
Linear regressive analysis showed that estimation of age by assessing the area of dentin translucency with Vernier caliper was statistically significant and showed a high regression co-efficient (R = 0.7738) when compared to evaluation of age by assessment of length. Multilinear regressive analysis done to calculate age by both area and length also showed a high co-efficient of regression (R = 0.7797).
CONCLUSION
The area of dentin translucency showed good correlation with age when compared to the length.
PubMed: 25628481
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Jul 2022Teeth are one of the strongest hard tissues that can resist a variety of antemortem and postmortem insults and an important evidence in the field of medicolegal and...
BACKGROUND
Teeth are one of the strongest hard tissues that can resist a variety of antemortem and postmortem insults and an important evidence in the field of medicolegal and forensics. In the identification of unknown human remains of the deceased, stature estimation is a preliminary investigation. Previously, the comparison of osteometry with odontometry in stature determination has been made. Similarly, an attempt is made to estimate stature using intercanine and intermolar width which may be a forensic tool in the future.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine stature using intercanine and intermolar width in the maxillary and mandibular arches and correlating to identify highly reliable parameter among the two. Further to evaluate the usefulness of odontometry in stature determination.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects for the study were recruited from the outpatient department of APDCH and students of APDCH. One hundred subjects were included in the study comprising fifty males and fifty females within the age group of 17-28 years as per inclusion criteria. Digital Vernier caliper for measuring intercanine width (cusp tips on either sides) and intermolar width (central fossa of 1 molar on either sides) on the study models and standard anthropometer for measuring the height of the subject (vertex to the floor).
RESULTS
Compared to other parameters, the maxillary intercanine distance is statistically significant to = 0.05 with correlation value of 0.06 by Pearson correlation method.
CONCLUSION
The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis and was found that out of the four selected odontometric parameters, maxillary intercanine width with a = of 0.032 and Pearson correlation of 0.307 in Group 1 (males) were found to show a significant correlation with height. Regression analysis was done, and regression equations were derived. The following regression equation can be used to calculate the height of an individual, Group 1 (male) -Y = B+ Ax. Y = 135.5 + 0.947X (X - maxillary inter canine width). This method of stature prediction may be of relative importance but not of absolute certainty, thereby making it an adjunct to various other methods of stature prediction. Therefore, using odontometric parameters in combination improves the predictability of estimating stature rather than a single parameter.
PubMed: 36110759
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_853_21 -
Turkish Neurosurgery 2011To note the morphological variations and morphometric details of foramina ovale in dry adult skulls of Indian origin.
AIM
To note the morphological variations and morphometric details of foramina ovale in dry adult skulls of Indian origin.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
82 dry adult human skulls of unknown sex and of Indian origin were obtained and variations in appearance and number of foramen ovale were noted. The length and width of the foramina ovale of both sides were determined using digital Vernier calipers and area (A) was also calculated and analyzed.
RESULTS
Out of 82 adult skulls, the values for the right side was 7.64 ± 1.194 mm, 5.128 ± 0.827 mm and 30.808 ± 7.545 mm2 and for the left side the values was 7.561 ± 1.123 mm, 5.244 ± 0.950 mm and 31.310 ± 8.262 mm2 respectively, for the mean length, width and area of the foramen ovale. The shape of foramen was typically ovale in most of the skulls (56.70%) with some bony variations such as spine, tubercles etc.
CONCLUSION
There was no statistically significant difference between the two sides in length, width and area of foramen ovale and there was a positive correlation between lengths and areas of both sides.
Topics: Adult; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Foramen Ovale; Functional Laterality; Humans; India; Skull; Skull Base; Sphenoid Bone
PubMed: 21845575
DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.3927-10.2 -
Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai... Jan 2023To study the anatomical characteristics of thoracoacromial artery perforator flap(TAAP), and to explore the advantages and disadvantages of TAAP in head and neck...
To study the anatomical characteristics of thoracoacromial artery perforator flap(TAAP), and to explore the advantages and disadvantages of TAAP in head and neck reconstruction. Four fresh cadavers (8 hemichests) were collected for anatomical observation, the blood supply of chest skin was observed through autopsy, the presence, number, location, caliber, and landmark on the chest surface of all thoracoacromial artery perforators per hemichest were recorded, including the distance of each from the midpoint of the clavicle. The diameters of the thoracoacromial artery and perforating vessels were measured with vernier calipers (accuracy 0.05 mm), the pedicle length and thickness were measured with a cm scale (accuracy: 1 mm) after the flap was obtained, and the retained photos were recorded. No perforating branch (12.5%) was found on one side of the 8 hemichests, two perforating branches (12.5%) were found on one hemichest, and one perforating branches (75.0%) were found on the rest of the hemichests. The perforating point was about between the clavicular head of pectoralis major (clavicular part) and the sternocostal head (sternocostal part). The vessels at the beginning of perforation were generally bulky, with an average diameter of 2.25 mm, however, the vessel diameter was significantly reduced after the perforation of the flap. The pedicle length of thoracoacromial artery perforator flap ranged from 5.43 cm to 9.03 cm, with an average length of 7.14 cm. The pedicle length from the exit point of perforator muscle gap to the flap was 2.32-4.63 cm, with an average length of 3.28 cm. The distance between the exit point of perforator muscle space and the lower edge of the midpoint of the clavicle was 3.31-4.52 cm, with an average distance of 3.77 cm. The thoracoacromial artery perforator flap has some advantages such as similar color as head, neck and maxillofacial region, stable blood supply, relatively consistent vascular pedicle length and caliber size, relatively larger flap, less damage to pectoralis major muscle, and protection of chest shape, thoracic movement and shoulder joint movement function. Although the clinical application of this flap is limited by the uncertainty of perforating vessels, postoperative asymmetry of the nipple and residual chest scar, it still has a broad application prospect in head and neck reconstruction.
Topics: Humans; Perforator Flap; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Head; Neck; Arteries
PubMed: 36597360
DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2023.01.001