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Translational Animal Science Oct 2022Monensin and virginiamycin are included in beef cattle finishing diets as prophylaxis to minimize the incidence of ruminal acidosis and liver abscesses. Due to different...
Monensin and virginiamycin are included in beef cattle finishing diets as prophylaxis to minimize the incidence of ruminal acidosis and liver abscesses. Due to different and probably complementary modes of action, this study aimed to determine the effects of a combination of monensin and virginiamycin, both included in the diet at recommended doses, on ruminal health, the occurrence of liver abscesses, and growth performance of feedlot-finished cattle. One hundred and forty-four steers (6 animals/pen) were fed 1 of 3 corn-based finishing diets containing 30 mg of monensin (), 25 mg of virginiamycin (), or 30 and 25 mg of monensin and virginiamycin (), respectively, per kilogram of dry matter. Ruminal pH probes were inserted into two animals per pen and set to record pH every 10 min. On d 100, animals were slaughtered, and rumens and livers were recovered, on which occurrence and degree of ruminal damage, prevalence and number of liver abscesses, and liver scores (A-: livers with no more than two small abscesses; A+: livers with at least one large abscess or more than four medium abscesses; A: any other abscessed liver) were determined. Simultaneous inclusion of monensin and virginiamycin resulted in a 4.3% decrease ( < 0.04) in dry matter intake (; 8.8, 9.2, and 9.2 ± 0.19 kg/d for MN + VM, MN, and VM-fed animals, respectively) and similar ( > 0.13) average daily body weight gain (; 1.49 ± 0.021 kg/d) and hot carcass weight (; 269 ± 1.7 kg), compared with feeding diets containing one additive or the other. Therefore, in terms of ADG, a 9.4% improvement ( < 0.01) in feed efficiency was observed in MN + VM-fed animals. Backfat thickness (5.6 ± 0.08 mm) and ribeye area (69.9 ± 0.53 cm) remained unaffected ( ≥ 0.74), as well as the minimum (4.98 ± 0.047), mean (6.11 ± 0.037), and maximum ruminal pH (7.23 ± 0.033) values and the time (125 ± 22.3 min/d), area (57.67 ± 12.383 pH × h), and episodes (22 ± 3.8 bouts) of pH below 5.6 ( ≥ 0.12). Overall, prevalence (24 ± 3.4%) and the number of liver abscesses (1.6 ± 0.14 abscesses/abscessed liver), liver scores (20 ± 3.1% of A- and 4 ± 1.8% of A livers), and prevalence (67 ± 3.5%) and degree of damage to the ruminal epithelium (2.5 ± 0.22% affected surface) were similar ( ≥ 0.18) across treatments; however, the occurrence of ruminal lesions tended ( ≤ 0.07) to be associated with that of liver abscesses and reduced ADG when feeding monensin alone.
PubMed: 36601062
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac154 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy May 2021Streptogramins (pristinamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin) can be interesting options for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive cocci, especially... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Streptogramins (pristinamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin) can be interesting options for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive cocci, especially multidrug-resistant isolates.
AREAS COVERED
This review provides an updated overview of structural and activity characteristics, mechanisms of action and resistance, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, and clinical use of streptogramins.
EXPERT OPINION
The streptogramin antibiotics act by inhibition of the bacterial protein synthesis. They are composed of two chemically distinct compounds, namely type A and type B streptogramins, which exert a rapid bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria (including methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci). Several mechanisms of resistance have been identified in staphylococci and enterococci but the prevalence of streptogramin resistance among clinical isolates remains very low. Even if only a few randomized clinical trials have been conducted, the efficacy of pristinamycin has been largely demonstrated with an extensive use for 50 years in France and some African countries. Despite its effectiveness in the treatment of severe Gram-positive bacterial infections demonstrated in several studies and the low rate of reported resistance, the clinical use of quinupristin-dalfopristin has remained limited, mainly due to its poor tolerance. Altogether, streptogramins (especially pristinamycin) can be considered as potential alternatives for the treatment of Gram-positive infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Pristinamycin; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Streptogramins; Virginiamycin
PubMed: 33030387
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1834851 -
Poultry Science Jun 1984Two experiments were conducted with broilers to determine the effect of Virginiamycin supplementation on performance and shank pigmentation. Virginiamycin...
Two experiments were conducted with broilers to determine the effect of Virginiamycin supplementation on performance and shank pigmentation. Virginiamycin supplementation at 10 ppm resulted in significantly increased body weights in both experiments. Feed efficiency was significantly improved in Experiment 1 by the supplementation of 5 and 10 ppm Virginiamycin. In Experiment 2, 20 ppm Virginiamycin was included and resulted in no greater response than that observed at 10 ppm. Pigmentation values as measured by a reflectance colorimeter and Roche color fan favored (P less than or equal to .05) Virginiamycin supplementation in both experiments. Data indicated that when the diet was supplemented with Virginiamycin an increase in the utilization of xanthophyll resulted. Mortality was not influenced by dietary treatment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Chickens; Female; Food Additives; Lutein; Male; Pigmentation; Virginiamycin
PubMed: 6429658
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0631218 -
Translational Animal Science Jan 2021The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of narasin (NAR; Skycis®; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) or virginiamycin (VIR; Stafac®; Phibro...
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of narasin (NAR; Skycis®; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) or virginiamycin (VIR; Stafac®; Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ) on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Two separate experiments were conducted at the same site in 2013 and 2014. A total of 576 pigs (initial BW = 23.2 ± 0.19 kg) were housed in 24 pens with 8 pigs per pen in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, a total of 888 pigs (initial BW = 26.2 ± 0.12 kg) were housed in 39 pens with 8 pigs per pen. Treatments consisted of a series of unmedicated corn-soybean meal diets (CON), CON + NAR (15 mg/kg), or CON + VIR (11 mg/kg) fed for 108 d (Exp. 1) or 109 d (Exp. 2). Pen was the experimental unit in both studies. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the main effects of block and treatment (Exp. 1) and as an incomplete block design with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effects of barn and barn within block (Exp. 2). In Exp.1, NAR and VIR increased ( < 0.05) ADG and ADFI from days 0 to 28, and BW on days 28, 56, 76, and 97 as compared to pigs fed CON. During days 0-28, pigs fed NAR had a greater ( < 0.05) G:F than those fed CON or VIR. Also, during days 28-56 pigs fed VIR had a greater ( < 0.05) ADFI than pigs fed CON. Pigs fed NAR or VIR had greater ( < 0.05) carcass yield than those fed CON. In Exp.2, feeding NAR increased ( < 0.05) pig BW from days 54 through 96 compared to pigs fed CON or VIR. No differences ( > 0.05) in ADG were detected between pigs fed VIR and CON through the first 74 day, but ADG of pigs fed VIR was similar to ( > 0.05) those fed NAR from days 26 to 54. From day 0 to 109, NAR improved ADG compared to pigs fed VIR, which also had similar gain to those consuming CON ( = 0.04). Feed efficiency was similar between pigs fed NAR and VIR with pigs fed CON intermediate ( = 0.05). Pigs fed NAR had a greater ( < 0.05) HCW and loin depth than those fed CON or VIR. A subtherapeutic dose of VIR showed improvements in growth performance that were similar to NAR in one experiment. Although there were differences in the magnitude of growth and carcass effects of NAR between the two studies, pigs fed NAR showed at least a tendency to have greater G:F and in some cases increased carcass weight and yield compared to pigs consuming nonmedicated feed.
PubMed: 33748685
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab020 -
MSystems Aug 2021The antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) flavophospholipol and virginiamycin have been widely used for decades in food animal production. AGP activity is believed to be...
The antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) flavophospholipol and virginiamycin have been widely used for decades in food animal production. AGP activity is believed to be partly modulated by gut microbial composition although exact AGP-induced changes remain unclear. In a controlled intervention study, we studied the effect of flavophospholipol and virginiamycin on the broiler chicken ileal microbiota spanning from birth to 39 days. Using 16S rRNA gene profiling and prediction of metabolic activity, we show that both AGPs result in dynamic microbial shifts that potentially increase anti-inflammatory mechanisms and bioavailability of several essential nutrients by decreasing degradation (flavophospholipol) or increasing biosynthesis (virginiamycin). Further, virginiamycin-supplemented broilers showed increased colonization with potentially pathogenic bacteria, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter, and Escherichia/ spp. Overall, we show that both AGPs induce microbial changes potentially beneficial for growth. However, the increase in (foodborne) pathogens shown here with virginiamycin use could impact not only broiler mortality but also human health. Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) are commonly used within poultry farming to increase muscle growth. Microbial composition in the gut is known to be influenced by AGP use although exact AGP-induced changes remain unclear. Utilizing 16S rRNA gene profiling, this study provides a first head-to-head comparison of the effect of the two most commonly used AGPs, flavophospholipol and virginiamycin, on the broiler chicken ileum microbiota over time. We found that supplementation with both AGPs altered ileal microbial composition, thereby increasing potential bioavailability of essential nutrients and weight gain. Flavophospholipol showed a slight benefit over virginiamycin as the latter resulted in more extensive microbial perturbations including increased colonization by enteropathogens, which could impact broiler mortality.
PubMed: 34463581
DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00381-21 -
Translational Animal Science Jan 2022One hundred sixty-eight Holstein steer calves (133.4 ± 7.9 kg) were used to evaluate the influence of virginiamycin (VM) supplementation on cattle growth...
One hundred sixty-eight Holstein steer calves (133.4 ± 7.9 kg) were used to evaluate the influence of virginiamycin (VM) supplementation on cattle growth performance and liver abscess incidence, and the effect of feeding 100% vs. 87% of metabolizable protein (MP) requirements during the initial 112 d on growth performance, efficiency of energy utilization, and carcass characteristics. Steers were balanced by weight and assigned to 28 pens (6 steers/pen). During the initial 112-d feeding period, dietary treatments consisted of two levels of MP (100% vs. 87% of expected requirements) supplemented with or without 22.5 mg/kg VM in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were no VM × MP supplementation interactions ( ≥ 0.14) on any of the parameters measured in both experiments. Calf-fed Holstein steers supplemented with VM increased ( ≤ 0.03) overall average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), observed/expected net energy (NE) values for maintenance and gain, and final body weight (BW). Cattle fed VM also increased ( ≤ 0.04) carcass weight, dressing percent, and longissimus muscle area. However, there was no effect ( ≥ 0.22) of VM supplementation on any other carcass characteristics. Calf-fed Holstein steers fed 100% MP requirements during the initial 112-d feeding period had greater ( ≤ 0.02) ADG, G:F, observed/expected NE values for maintenance and gain, and live BW compared with steers fed 87% of the expected MP requirements. However, there was no effect ( ≥ 0.17) of MP supply during the initial 112-d period on overall (342 d) growth performance measurements. The incidence of liver abscesses was low (averaging 7.7%) and not affected by dietary treatments. We conclude that, independent of MP supplies, supplemental VM enhances overall growth performance and efficiency of energy utilization of calf-fed Holstein steers.
PubMed: 35098040
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab228 -
Synlett : Accounts and Rapid... Apr 2021Streptogramins are antibiotics produced by several species of bacteria that are used in both human and veterinary medicine. Group A streptogramins comprise 23-membered...
Streptogramins are antibiotics produced by several species of bacteria that are used in both human and veterinary medicine. Group A streptogramins comprise 23-membered macrocyclic polyketide/nonribosomal peptide hybrids for which several innovative, fully synthetic routes have been developed. Herein we describe in detail our scalable routes to natural group A streptogramins and compare these routes to other reported syntheses.
PubMed: 34113063
DOI: 10.1055/a-1293-9655 -
Translational Animal Science 2024This experiment aimed to assess the impact of virginiamycin on in vitro gas production dynamics, rumen kinetics, and nutrient digestibility in beef steers fed a...
This experiment aimed to assess the impact of virginiamycin on in vitro gas production dynamics, rumen kinetics, and nutrient digestibility in beef steers fed a grain-based diet. Nine ruminally cannulated British-crossbred steers (596 ± 49 kg) were assigned to this experiment. Animals were housed in three pens ( = 3/pen) equipped with a Calan gate feed system and water troughs. Pens were enrolled in a 3 × 3 Latin square design containing three periods of 16 d, and a 5-d washout interval between periods. Dietary treatments consisted of virginiamycin () administration at 0 (VM0), 180 (VM180), or 240 mg/d (VM240). During days 15 and 16 of each period, about 600 mL of rumen fluid and urine samples were collected before (0 h), and at 4, 8, 12, and 16 h after the morning feed (0730 hours), rumen inoculum was used to take pH and redox potential measurements immediately after collection using a portable pH and redox meter, and subsamples were taken for volatile fatty acids () and NH-N analyses, and urine samples were composited daily and analyzed for creatinine and purine derivatives () content to estimate microbial crude protein flow. During the 4-h post-morning feed rumen collection, rumen inoculum was utilized to perform in vitro gas production measurements. Fecal samples were collected on day 16 of each period to estimate nutrient digestibility using acid detergent insoluble ash as an internal marker. Animals were considered the experimental unit for the statistical analyses, and periods and squares were included as random variables. The total and rate of gas production were similar among treatments ( ≥ 0.17). The second-pool (i.e., fiber) gas production increased linearly as VM inclusion increased ( = 0.01), with VM240 being greater compared to VM180 and VM0 (7.84, 6.94, and 6.89 mL, respectively). Ruminal pH linearly increased as VM increased, with VM240 being greater than VM0 and VM180 intermediate (5.90, 5.82, and 5.86, respectively; = 0.03). The VFA concentrations did not differ ( ≥ 0.13), but the acetate-to-propionate ratio was the highest in VM240 ( = 0.005). Branched-chain VFA increased ( ≤ 0.03) while lactate concentrations decreased ( = 0.005) linearly with VM. The ruminal NH-N concentration was the lowest in the VM0 ( = 0.006). The estimated absorbed PD, purine derivative to creatinine index, and microbial N flow increased linearly with VM ( ≤ 0.07). The provision of VM influenced rumen dynamics in a dose-dependent manner.
PubMed: 38406320
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae019 -
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal... Oct 2017This study was determined the influence of virginiamycin supplementation on growth-performance and characteristics of digestion of cattle with decreasing dietary net...
OBJECTIVE
This study was determined the influence of virginiamycin supplementation on growth-performance and characteristics of digestion of cattle with decreasing dietary net energy value of the diet for maintenance (NE) from 2.22 to 2.10 Mcal/kg.
METHODS
Eighty crossbred beef steers (298.2±6.3 kg) were used in a 152-d performance evaluation consisting of a 28-d adaptation period followed by a 124-d growing-finishing period. During the 124-d period steers were fed either a lesser energy dense (LED, 2.10 Mcal/kg NE) or higher energy dense (HED, 2.22 Mcal/kg NE) diet. Diets were fed with or without 28 mg/kg (dry matter [DM] basis) virginiamycin in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Four Holstein steers (170.4±5.6 kg) with cannulas in the rumen (3.8 cm internal diameter) and proximal duodenum were used in 4×4 Latin square experiment to study treatment effects on characteristics of digestion.
RESULTS
Neither diet energy density nor virginiamycin affected average daily gain (p>0.10). As expected, dry matter intake and gain efficiency were greater (p<0.01) for LED- than for HED-fed steers. Virginiamycin did not affect estimated net energy value of the LED diet. Virginiamycin increased estimated NE of the HED diet. During daylight hours when the temperature humidity index averaged 81.3±2.7, virginiamycin decreased (p<0.05) ruminal temperature. Virginiamycin did not influence (p>0.10) ruminal or total tract digestion. Ruminal (p = 0.02) and total tract digestion (p<0.01) of organic matter, and digestible energy (p<0.01) were greater for HED vs LED. Ruminal microbial efficiency was lower (p<0.01) for HED vs LED diets.
CONCLUSION
The positive effect of virginiamycin on growth performance of cattle is due to increased efficiency of energy utilization, as effects of virginiamycin on characteristics of digestion were not appreciable. Under conditions of high ambient temperature virginiamycin may reduce body temperature.
PubMed: 28335092
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0826