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American Family Physician Sep 2001Several effective and inexpensive over-the-counter treatments are available for minor but troubling foot problems. In most cases, one week of therapy with topical... (Review)
Review
Several effective and inexpensive over-the-counter treatments are available for minor but troubling foot problems. In most cases, one week of therapy with topical terbinafine is effective for interdigital tinea pedis. Treatment of plantar warts with 17 percent salicylic acid with lactic acid in a collodion base is as effective as cryotherapy, but treatment must be sustained for several months. Toe sleeves and toe spacers can relieve pain from hard or soft corns. Metatarsal pads can relieve the pressure associated with plantar keratoses. Heel cups often can relieve pain caused by age-related thinning of the heel fat pad. Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of anteromedial heel pain caused by repetitive strain on the plantar fascia. Although the mainstay of therapy is stretching exercises, ready-made arch supports and insoles can be helpful adjuncts.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Foot Diseases; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Nonprescription Drugs; Orthotic Devices; Warts
PubMed: 11563570
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Immunology Jan 2022WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis) syndrome is a rare disease, caused by CXCR4 gene mutations, which incorporates features of combined...
PURPOSE
WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis) syndrome is a rare disease, caused by CXCR4 gene mutations, which incorporates features of combined immunodeficiency, congenital neutropenia, and a predisposition to human papillomavirus infection. Established conventional treatment for WHIM syndrome does not fully prevent infectious complications in these patients. Only single case reports of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) efficacy in WHIM have been published.
METHODS
To summarize current information on HSCT efficacy in disease treatment, seven pediatric patients with WHIM syndrome who underwent allogeneic HSCT were identified in five centers worldwide.
RESULTS
All patients presented early after birth with neutropenia. Two of seven patients exhibited severe disease complications: poorly controlled autoimmunity (arthritis and anemia) in one and progressive myelofibrosis with recurrent infections in the other. The remaining patients received HSCT to correct milder disease symptoms (recurrent respiratory infections, progressing thrombocytopenia) and/or to preclude severe disease course in older age. All seven patients engrafted but one developed graft rejection and died of infectious complications after third HSCT. Three other patients experienced severe viral infections after HSCT (including post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in one) which completely resolved with therapy. At last follow-up (median 6.7 years), all six surviving patients were alive with full donor chimerism. One patient 1.4 years after HSCT had moderate thrombocytopenia and delayed immune recovery; the others had adequate immune recovery and were free of prior disease symptoms.
CONCLUSION
HSCT in WHIM syndrome corrects neutropenia and immunodeficiency, and leads to resolution of autoimmunity and recurrent infections, including warts.
Topics: Child; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Neutropenia; Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases; Receptors, CXCR4; Warts
PubMed: 34697698
DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01155-8 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jul 2007
Topics: Aged; Carcinoma, Verrucous; Diabetic Foot; Diagnosis, Differential; Foot; Foot Dermatoses; Foot Diseases; Humans; Male; Skin Neoplasms; Warts
PubMed: 17664446
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.061463 -
Uirusu Dec 2008More than 100 HPV genotypes are presently distinguished by comparing the DNA sequence of the L1 ORF of each HPV. Two important aspects of the nature of this group of... (Review)
Review
More than 100 HPV genotypes are presently distinguished by comparing the DNA sequence of the L1 ORF of each HPV. Two important aspects of the nature of this group of heterogeneous viruses are the way in which specific HPV genotypes are associated with distinct clinical and histological morphologies and the way specific HPV genotypes affect distinct anatomical sites. The former is best evidenced by the HPV type specific cytopathic or cytopathogenic effect (CPE), whereas the latter is suggested by the marked preference of each HPV genotype for specific tissues and sites. Recent studies have also suggested that specific HPV genotypes may target epithelial stem cells at specific anatomical sites. HPV type-specific CPE is the central schema when we analyze and understand the HPV-associated diseases. The concept was suggested by the characterization of distinct HPVs from different types of warts: HPV 2/27/57 from common warts, HPV 3/10/28 from flat warts, HPV 6/11 from condyloma acuminatum, and HPV 5/8 from lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). In this paper, I summarize recent advances in HPV study field, especially on HPV-associated cutaneous lesions. These include inclusion warts, HPV-associated epidermoid cysts, HPV type specific activation of melanogenesis, a double infection with HPV 1 and HPV 63 within a single cell, primary target cells and life cycle of the virus, and the identification of novel genes that are associated EV. The HPV-associated cutaneous lesions thus pose important problems to be resolved in virology and human pathology.
Topics: Epidermal Cyst; Genotype; Humans; Melanins; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Warts
PubMed: 19374195
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.58.173 -
British Medical Journal Aug 1978
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Skin Diseases; Warts
PubMed: 698552
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ Case Reports May 2015Laryngeal verruca vulgaris is a rare disease of the larynx that is easily misdiagnosed as other laryngeal lesions. This article reports three patients with laryngeal...
Laryngeal verruca vulgaris is a rare disease of the larynx that is easily misdiagnosed as other laryngeal lesions. This article reports three patients with laryngeal verruca vulgaris and discusses the differential diagnosis of laryngeal verrucous lesions to avoid over treatment.
Topics: Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Laryngeal Diseases; Larynx; Male; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome; Warts
PubMed: 25935911
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207773 -
United European Gastroenterology Journal Apr 2022
Topics: Condylomata Acuminata; Denmark; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35319820
DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12223 -
Journal of Clinical Immunology Nov 2022Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome (WS) is a combined immunodeficiency caused by gain-of-function mutations in the C-X-C...
Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome (WS) is a combined immunodeficiency caused by gain-of-function mutations in the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) gene. We characterize a unique international cohort of 66 patients, including 57 (86%) cases previously unreported, with variable clinical phenotypes. Of 17 distinct CXCR4 genetic variants within our cohort, 11 were novel pathogenic variants affecting 15 individuals (23%). All variants affect the same CXCR4 region and impair CXCR4 internalization resulting in hyperactive signaling. The median age of diagnosis in our cohort (5.5 years) indicates WHIM syndrome can commonly present in childhood, although some patients are not diagnosed until adulthood. The prevalence and mean age of recognition and/or onset of clinical manifestations within our cohort were infections 88%/1.6 years, neutropenia 98%/3.8 years, lymphopenia 88%/5.0 years, and warts 40%/12.1 years. However, we report greater prevalence and variety of autoimmune complications of WHIM syndrome (21.2%) than reported previously. Patients with versus without family history of WHIM syndrome were diagnosed earlier (22%, average age 1.3 years versus 78%, average age 5 years, respectively). Patients with a family history of WHIM syndrome also received earlier treatment, experienced less hospitalization, and had less end-organ damage. This observation reinforces previous reports that early treatment for WHIM syndrome improves outcomes. Only one patient died; death was attributed to complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The variable expressivity of WHIM syndrome in pediatric patients delays their diagnosis and therapy. Early-onset bacterial infections with severe neutropenia and/or lymphopenia should prompt genetic testing for WHIM syndrome, even in the absence of warts.
Topics: Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Warts; Agammaglobulinemia; Receptors, CXCR4; Neutropenia; Lymphopenia; Disease Progression
PubMed: 35947323
DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01312-7 -
Journal of Clinical Immunology Apr 2021T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) quantification is a recent addition to newborn screening (NBS) programs and is intended to identify infants with severe combined...
PURPOSE
T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) quantification is a recent addition to newborn screening (NBS) programs and is intended to identify infants with severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID). However, other primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) have also been identified as the result of TREC screening. We recently reported a newborn with a low TREC level on day 1 of life who was diagnosed with WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, myelokathexis) syndrome, a non-SCID primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the chemokine receptor CXCR4.
METHODS
We have now retrospectively reviewed the birth and clinical histories of all known WHIM infants born after the implementation of NBS for SCID.
RESULTS
We identified six infants with confirmed WHIM syndrome who also had TREC quantification on NBS. Three of the six WHIM infants had low TREC levels on NBS. All six patients were lymphopenic but only one infant had a T cell count below 1,500 cells/μL. The most common clinical manifestation was viral bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization. One infant died of complications related to Tetralogy of Fallot, a known WHIM phenotype.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that WHIM syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of newborns with low NBS TREC levels.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Not applicable.
Topics: Biomarkers; DNA Mutational Analysis; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mutation; Neonatal Screening; Phenotype; Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; Receptors, CXCR4; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Warts
PubMed: 33415666
DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00921-4 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Oct 2021
Topics: Abdomen; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Back; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Hand; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Male; Middle Aged; Warts; Wrist
PubMed: 34695802
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0807