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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2012Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S.... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S. maltophilia infections is of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, as this bacterial pathogen is associated with a significant fatality/case ratio. S. maltophilia is an environmental bacterium found in aqueous habitats, including plant rhizospheres, animals, foods, and water sources. Infections of S. maltophilia can occur in a range of organs and tissues; the organism is commonly found in respiratory tract infections. This review summarizes the current literature and presents S. maltophilia as an organism with various molecular mechanisms used for colonization and infection. S. maltophilia can be recovered from polymicrobial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients, as a cocolonizer with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Recent evidence of cell-cell communication between these pathogens has implications for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Animal models of S. maltophilia infection have provided useful information about the type of host immune response induced by this opportunistic pathogen. Current and emerging treatments for patients infected with S. maltophilia are discussed.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Global Health; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Pandemics; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 22232370
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00019-11 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2011The family Xanthomonadaceae is a wide-spread family of bacteria belonging to the gamma subdivision of the Gram-negative proteobacteria, including the two... (Review)
Review
The family Xanthomonadaceae is a wide-spread family of bacteria belonging to the gamma subdivision of the Gram-negative proteobacteria, including the two plant-pathogenic genera Xanthomonas and Xylella, and the related genus Stenotrophomonas. Adhesion is a widely conserved virulence mechanism among Gram-negative bacteria, no matter whether they are human, animal or plant pathogens, since attachment to the host tissue is one of the key early steps of the bacterial infection process. Bacterial attachment to surfaces is mediated by surface structures that are anchored in the bacterial outer membrane and cover a broad group of fimbrial and non-fimbrial structures, commonly known as adhesins. In this chapter, we discuss recent findings on candidate adhesins of plant-pathogenic Xanthomonadaceae, including polysaccharidic (lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides) and proteineous structures (chaperone/usher pili, type IV pili, autotransporters, two-partner-secreted and other outer membrane adhesins), their involvement in the formation of biofilms and their mode of regulation via quorum sensing. We then compare the arsenals of adhesins among different Xanthomonas strains and evaluate their mode of selection. Finally, we summarize the sparse knowledge on specific adhesin receptors in plants and the possible role of RGD motifs in binding to integrin-like plant molecules.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Adhesion; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plants; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Receptors, Immunologic; Virulence; Xanthomonadaceae
PubMed: 21557058
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0940-9_5 -
Molecular Plant Pathology Nov 2009A review of type III effectors (T3 effectors) from strains of Xanthomonas reveals a growing list of candidate and known effectors based on functional assays and sequence... (Review)
Review
A review of type III effectors (T3 effectors) from strains of Xanthomonas reveals a growing list of candidate and known effectors based on functional assays and sequence and structural similarity searches of genomic data. We propose that the effectors and suspected effectors should be distributed into 39 so-called Xop groups reflecting sequence similarity. Some groups have structural motifs for putative enzymatic functions, and recent studies have provided considerable insight into the interaction with host factors in their function as mediators of virulence and elicitors of resistance for a few specific T3 effectors. Many groups are related to T3 effectors of plant and animal pathogenic bacteria, and several groups appear to have been exploited primarily by Xanthomonas species based on available data. At the same time, a relatively large number of candidate effectors remain to be examined in more detail with regard to their function within host cells.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; Xanthomonas
PubMed: 19849782
DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00590.x -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron... (Review)
Review
is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron has a crucial contribution toward growth and development, cell growth and proliferation, and pathogenicity. The bacterium found to acquire iron for its cellular process through the expression of two iron acquisition systems. Two distinct pathways for iron acquisition are encoded by the genome-a siderophore-and heme-mediated iron uptake system. The operon directs the production of the enterobactin siderophore of catecholate in nature, while heme uptake relies on and potentially operon. Fur and sigma factors are regulators of under iron-limited condition. Iron potentially act as a signal which plays an important role in biofilm formation, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), extracellular enzymes production, oxidative stress response, diffusible signal factor (DSF) and siderophore production in . This review summarizes the current knowledge of iron acquisition in and the critical role of iron in relation to its pathogenicity.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Biological Transport; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Heme; Humans; Iron; Oxidative Stress; Siderophores; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30483485
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00401 -
Viruses Jun 2021The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen is imperative as nosocomial and... (Review)
Review
The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen is imperative as nosocomial and community-acquired infections are rapidly increasing in prevalence. This increase is largely due to the numerous virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes encoded by this bacterium. Research on phages to date has focused on the isolation and in vitro characterization of novel phages, often including genomic characterization, from the environment or by induction from bacterial strains. This review summarizes the clinical significance, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of , as well as all phages isolated and characterized to date and strategies for their use. We further address the limited in vivo phage therapy studies conducted against this bacterium and discuss the future research needed to spearhead phages as an alternative treatment option against multidrug resistant .
Topics: Bacteriophages; Genome, Viral; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Phage Therapy; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34204897
DOI: 10.3390/v13061057 -
Molecular Plant Pathology Dec 2021
Topics: Disease Management; Europe; Plant Diseases; Plants; Xanthomonadaceae
PubMed: 34755430
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13150 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Dec 2020The Xanthomonadaceae family comprises the genera Xanthomonas and Xylella, which include plant pathogenic species that affect economically important crops. The family...
The Xanthomonadaceae family comprises the genera Xanthomonas and Xylella, which include plant pathogenic species that affect economically important crops. The family also includes the plant growth-promoting bacteria Pseudomonas geniculata and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, and some other species with biotechnological, medical, and environmental relevance. Previous work identified molecular signatures that helped to understand the evolutionary placement of this family within gamma-proteobacteria. In the present study, we investigated whether insertions identified in highly conserved proteins may also be used as molecular markers for taxonomic classification and identification of members within the Xanthomonadaceae family. Four housekeeping proteins (DNA repair and replication-related and protein translation enzymes) were selected. The insertions allowed discriminating phytopathogenic and plant growth-promoting groups within this family, and also amino acid sequences of these insertions allowed distinguishing different genera and, eventually, species as well as pathovars. Moreover, insertions in the proteins MutS and DNA polymerase III (subunit alpha) are conserved in Xylella fastidiosa, but signatures in DNA ligase NAD-dependent and Valyl tRNA synthetase distinguish particular subspecies within the genus. The genus Stenotrophomonas and Pseudomonas geniculata could be distinguishable based on the insertions in MutS, DNA polymerase III (subunit alpha), and Valyl tRNA synthetase, although insertion in DNA ligase NAD-dependent discriminates these bacteria at the species level. All these insertions differentiate species and pathovars within Xanthomonas. Thus, the insertions presented support evolutionary demarcation within Xanthomonadaceae and provide tools for the fast identification in the field of these bacteria with agricultural, environmental, and economic relevance.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; Genetic Markers; Mutagenesis, Insertional; Phylogeny; Pseudomonas; Stenotrophomonas
PubMed: 32488841
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00304-2 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023
Topics: Xanthomonas; Plant Diseases; Biological Control Agents
PubMed: 37662017
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1270750 -
Molecular Plant Pathology Dec 2021Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm) and X. cassavae (Xc) are two bacterial pathogens attacking cassava. Cassava bacterial blight (CBB) is a systemic disease caused... (Review)
Review
Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm) and X. cassavae (Xc) are two bacterial pathogens attacking cassava. Cassava bacterial blight (CBB) is a systemic disease caused by Xpm, which might have dramatic effects on plant growth and crop production. Cassava bacterial necrosis is a nonvascular disease caused by Xc with foliar symptoms similar to CBB, but its impacts on the plant vigour and the crop are limited. In this review, we describe the epidemiology and ecology of the two pathogens, the impacts and management of the diseases, and the main research achievements for each pathosystem. Because Xc data are sparse, our main focus is on Xpm and CBB.
Topics: Manihot; Plant Diseases; Xanthomonas
PubMed: 34227737
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13094 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Jan 2020Xanthomonas is a well-studied genus of bacterial plant pathogens whose members cause a variety of diseases in economically important crops worldwide. Genomic and... (Review)
Review
Xanthomonas is a well-studied genus of bacterial plant pathogens whose members cause a variety of diseases in economically important crops worldwide. Genomic and functional studies of these phytopathogens have provided significant understanding of microbial-host interactions, bacterial virulence and host adaptation mechanisms including microbial ecology and epidemiology. In addition, several strains of Xanthomonas are important as producers of the extracellular polysaccharide, xanthan, used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This polymer has also been implicated in several phases of the bacterial disease cycle. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the infection strategies and regulatory networks controlling virulence and adaptation mechanisms from Xanthomonas species and discuss the novel opportunities that this body of work has provided for disease control and plant health.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Genome, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plants; Virulence; Xanthomonas
PubMed: 31578554
DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz024