-
Viruses Nov 2019One of the human- and animal-pathogenic species in genus is a food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes enteric infections, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and sometimes... (Review)
Review
One of the human- and animal-pathogenic species in genus is a food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes enteric infections, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and sometimes sequelae such as reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum. is able to proliferate at 4 C, making it dangerous if contaminated food products are stored under refrigeration. The most common source of is raw pork meat. Microbiological detection of the bacteria from food products is hampered by its slow growth rate as other bacteria overgrow it. Bacteriophages can be exploited in several ways to increase food safety with regards to contamination by For example, phages could be useful in keeping the contamination of food products under control, or, alternatively, the specificity of the phages could be exploited in developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools for the identification of the bacteria in food products. In this review, we will discuss the present state of the research on these topics.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriophages; Food Microbiology; Food Safety; Humans; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 31795231
DOI: 10.3390/v11121105 -
Toxins Feb 2022, an etiological agent of yersiniosis, is a bacterium whose pathogenicity is determined, among other things, by its ability to produce toxins. The aim of this article... (Review)
Review
, an etiological agent of yersiniosis, is a bacterium whose pathogenicity is determined, among other things, by its ability to produce toxins. The aim of this article was to present the most important toxins that are produced by biotype 1A strains of , and to discuss their role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. biotype 1A strains are able to synthesize variants of thermostable YST enterotoxin and play a key role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Biotype 1A strains of also produce pore-forming toxins, YaxA and YaxB. These toxins form pores in the cell membrane of host target cells and cause osmotic lysis, which is of particular importance in systemic infections. Insecticidal toxin complex genes have been detected in some clinical biotype 1A strains of . However, their role has not yet been fully elucidated. Strains belonging to biotype 1A have long been considered non-pathogenic. This view is beginning to change due to the emerging knowledge about the toxigenic potential of these bacteria and their ability to overcome the defense barriers of the host organism.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Enterotoxins; Humans; Virulence; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 35202145
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020118 -
BioMed Research International 2020The risk of meat contamination with poses a threat to consumers and persons who come into contact with bird carcasses. The occurrence of . in the vast majority of...
The risk of meat contamination with poses a threat to consumers and persons who come into contact with bird carcasses. The occurrence of . in the vast majority of migratory game species, the capercaillie, and the black grouse has never been studied in Poland, Europe, or in the world. The material for the study consisted of cloacal swabs obtained from 143 Eurasian coots, 50 mallards, 30 pochards, 27 greylag geese, 22 white-fronted geese, 22 bean geese, 20 green-winged teals, and 10 tufted ducks, as well as fecal swabs obtained from 105 capercaillie and 18 black grouse. Bacteriological examinations of 894 samples taken from 447 birds led to the isolation of 20 strains with the biochemical features characteristic of the genus . All 20 strains were molecularly examined, and the genes characteristic of . were detected in 8 strains. The isolated strains harbored amplicons whose size corresponded to gene fragments. Four strains belonged to bioserotype 1A/NI, one strain was identified as bioserotype 1B/O:9, and one as 1A/O:9. The prevalence of . was determined at 1.4% in green-winged teals, at 5.0% in Eurasian coots, and at 4.8% in capercaillie. All strains were resistant to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, and cefalexin. The strains isolated from migratory birds were also resistant to kanamycin and streptomycin, and they were characterized by resistance or intermediate resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, and tetracycline, to which the strains isolated from the capercaillie were susceptible. was not detected in the remaining bird species. The presence of . in green-winged teals, Eurasian coots, and capercaillie indicates that these birds could be carriers, potential reservoirs, and sources of infection for humans. They can also be regarded as reliable bioindicators of . in their respective habitats.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Humans; Poland; Serogroup; Virulence Factors; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 32258154
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8936591 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Sep 1992
Topics: Blood; Blood Preservation; Blood Specimen Collection; Humans; Transfusion Reaction; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 1393108
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.305.6855.663 -
Journal of Dairy Science Feb 1987Yersinia enterocolitica was first recognized during the 1960's as an important human enteropathogen. The species as later redefined includes both pathogenic and... (Review)
Review
Yersinia enterocolitica was first recognized during the 1960's as an important human enteropathogen. The species as later redefined includes both pathogenic and nonpathogenic forms. Pathogenic strains that retain the virulence plasmid can be identified in several animal models and four indirect tests (calcium dependency, autoagglutination, Congo red uptake, serological detection of outer membrane antigen) and by tissue culture assay, serotype, and biotype. Y. enterocolitica and related bacteria have frequently been isolated from raw milk, but none of the isolates, with the possible exception of serotype 05,27, are recognizable as pathogens. Under normal circumstances Y. enterocolitica does not survive pasteurization. If introduced into pasteurized milk, it can grow well at refrigeration temperatures. Two outbreaks of yersiniosis have occurred that involved pasteurized milk. Pigs, which frequently carry pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in their throat, were the probable source in one of these outbreaks. The most rapid enrichment procedure available for isolation of Y. enterocolitica requires 6 d. No isolation method is available for selective isolation of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in the presence of related bacteria common in milk and other foods.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dairy Products; Food Microbiology; Humans; Milk; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 3553254
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80021-8 -
Microbes and Infection Apr 1999Yersinia enterocolitica comprises both pathogenic and nonpathogenic members. Distinguished by biogrouping, serogrouping, and ecological distribution, commonly occurring... (Review)
Review
Yersinia enterocolitica comprises both pathogenic and nonpathogenic members. Distinguished by biogrouping, serogrouping, and ecological distribution, commonly occurring pathogenic serobiogroups, e.g., O:3/4; O:5,27/2; O:8/1b; O:9/2, possess both chromosomal and plasmid-mediated virulence traits. Studies have revealed several (oral, blood transfusion) modes of acquisition, elucidated the putative role of chromosomal and plasmid-encoded virulence factors in the pathogenesis of human infection, and have identified major animal reservoirs, e.g., the pig. Diagnosis has been refined though use of selective media, monoclonal antibodies directed against outer membrane proteins, and of purified yersiniae outer membrane proteins for antibody detection. Epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks have been advanced through the use of molecular biology techniques such as ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Food Microbiology; Humans; Transfusion Reaction; Virulence; Water Microbiology; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 10602666
DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(99)80028-8 -
FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology Jul 2005Yersinia enterocolitica is an extremely heterogeneous species. Serotyping and biotyping have been used extensively, in the past, to study its heterogeneity and... (Review)
Review
Yersinia enterocolitica is an extremely heterogeneous species. Serotyping and biotyping have been used extensively, in the past, to study its heterogeneity and epidemiology. Application of methods like ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and a host of other genomic techniques have further revealed molecular heterogeneity in this species. Furthermore, these methods may be used effectively to supplement serotyping and biotyping schema for studying epidemiology of Y. enterocolitica. This is evident from the ability of some of these methods to subtype strains belonging to serogroups O:3, O:9 and O:8 - which are most commonly encountered in human Yersiniosis. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and nucleotide sequencing have reiterated the taxonomic relationships of this organism. However there is paucity of information about the molecular heterogeneity of 'Y. enterocolitica-like' species, which need to be addressed in the future. Also, newer techniques such as amplified fragment length polymorphism, VNTR-based typing and multilocus sequence typing should be applied to further understand epidemiology, population structure and evolutionary genetics of Y. enterocolitica and 'Y. enterocolitica-like' species.
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Genetic Variation; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 15985218
DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2005.03.006 -
Molecular Microbiology Aug 2005The phage-shock-protein (Psp) system responds to extracytoplasmic stress that may reduce the energy status of the cell. It is conserved in many different bacteria and... (Review)
Review
The phage-shock-protein (Psp) system responds to extracytoplasmic stress that may reduce the energy status of the cell. It is conserved in many different bacteria and has been linked to several important phenotypes. Escherichia coli psp mutants have defects in maintenance of the proton-motive force, protein export by the sec and tat pathways, survival in stationary phase at alkaline pH, and biofilm formation. Yersinia enterocolitica psp mutants cannot grow when the secretin component of a type III secretion system is mislocalized, and have a severe virulence defect in animals. A Salmonella enterica psp mutation exacerbates some phenotypes of an rpoE null mutant and the psp genes of S. enterica and Shigella flexneri are highly induced during macrophage infection. PspA, the most abundant of the Psp proteins, is required for most of the phenotypes associated with the Psp system. Therefore, PspA is probably an effector that may play a role in maintaining cytoplasmic membrane integrity and/or the proton-motive force. However, PspA is not required for the ability to tolerate secretin mislocalization, which suggests an important physiological role for other Psp proteins. This article summarizes our current understanding of the Psp system: inducing signals, the underlying signal transduction mechanisms, the physiological roles it may play, and a genomic analysis of its conservation.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Heat-Shock Proteins; Heat-Shock Response; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 16045608
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04694.x -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2022Stringent response plays an important role in the response of pathogens to rapid environmental changes. It has been shown that synergistic and antagonistic actions...
Stringent response plays an important role in the response of pathogens to rapid environmental changes. It has been shown that synergistic and antagonistic actions exist between the signaling molecules (p)ppGpp and DksA in several foodborne pathogens; however, the biological function of these molecules and their interactions in are still unclear. This study systematically investigated the role of stringent response in Yersinia enterocolitica, a typical foodborne pathogen, by deleting the (p)ppGpp and DksA biosynthesis genes. (p)ppGpp and DksA copositively regulated most phenotypes, such as motility, antibiotic resistance, and tolerance to oxidative stress, whereas they exhibited independent and/or divergent roles in the growth and biofilm synthesis of Y. enterocolitica. Gene expression analysis revealed that (p)ppGpp- and DksA-deficiency reduced the transcription of flagellar synthesis genes ( and ) and biofilm synthesis genes ( and ), which could potentially contribute to changes in motility and biofilm formation. These results indicate that stringent response regulators (p)ppGpp and DksA have a synergistic role and independent or even completely opposite biological functions in regulating genes and phenotypes of Y. enterocolitica. Our findings revealed the biofunctional relationships between (p)ppGpp and DksA and the underlying molecular mechanisms in the regulation of the pathogenic phenotype of Y. enterocolitica. The synergetic actions between the stringent response signaling molecules, (p)ppGpp and DksA, have been widely reported. However, recent transcriptomic and phenotypic studies have suggested that independent or even opposite actions exist between them. In this study, we demonstrated that the knockout of (p)ppGpp and DksA affects the polymorphic phenotype of Yersinia enterocolitica. Although most of the tested phenotypes, such as motility, antibiotic resistance, and tolerance to oxidative stress, were copositively regulated by (p)ppGpp and DksA, it also showed inconsistencies in biofilm formation ability as well as some independent phenotypes. This study deepens our understanding of the strategies of foodborne pathogens to survive in complex environments, so as to provide theoretical basis for the control and treatment of these microorganisms.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Guanosine Pentaphosphate; Phenotype; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 36409141
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02055-22 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Dec 2021In this study, we aimed to characterize the distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in a pork production chain in Brazil, as well as the virulence profile and antibiotic...
In this study, we aimed to characterize the distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in a pork production chain in Brazil, as well as the virulence profile and antibiotic resistance of the obtained isolates. Samples from 10 pig lots obtained from finishing farms (water, feed, and barn floors, n = 30), slaughterhouse (lairage floors, carcasses at four processing steps, tonsils, and mesenteric lymph nodes, n = 610), and processing (end cuts, processing environment, n = 160) were obtained in Paraná state, Brazil, and subjected to Y. enterocolitica detection by ISO 10,273. The obtained isolates were identified based on biochemical and molecular features (16 s rRNA, inv, bioserotyping) and subjected to PCR assays to detect virulence (ail, ystA, ystB, virF, myfA, fepA, fepD, fes, tccC, ymoA, hreP, and sat) and multidrug resistance-related genes (emrD, yfhD, and marC). Also, isolates were subjected to disk diffusion test to characterize their resistance against 17 antibiotics from 11 classes and to pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after XbaI macro-restriction. Y. enterocolitica was detected in a single sample (tonsil), and the obtained three isolates were characterized as serotype O:3, harboring ail, ystA, virF, myfA, tccC, ymoA, hreP, emrD, yfhD, and marC, and resistant to all tested antibiotics. The three isolates presented identical macro-restriction profiles by PFGE, also identical to isolates obtained from Minas Gerais, other Brazilian state; one selected isolate was identified as biotype 4. Despite the low occurrence of Y. enterocolitica in the studied pork production, the virulence potential and the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates demonstrated their pathogenic potential, and the macro-restriction profiles indicate strains descending from a common subtype in the pork production chain of two Brazilian States.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brazil; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Foodborne Diseases; Palatine Tonsil; Pork Meat; Swine; Swine Diseases; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia enterocolitica
PubMed: 34406639
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00591-3