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Veterinary Research Sep 2015Enteric redmouth disease (ERM) is a serious septicemic bacterial disease of salmonid fish species. It is caused by Yersinia ruckeri, a Gram-negative rod-shaped... (Review)
Review
Enteric redmouth disease (ERM) is a serious septicemic bacterial disease of salmonid fish species. It is caused by Yersinia ruckeri, a Gram-negative rod-shaped enterobacterium. It has a wide host range, broad geographical distribution, and causes significant economic losses in the fish aquaculture industry. The disease gets its name from the subcutaneous hemorrhages, it can cause at the corners of the mouth and in gums and tongue. Other clinical signs include exophthalmia, darkening of the skin, splenomegaly and inflammation of the lower intestine with accumulation of thick yellow fluid. The bacterium enters the fish via the secondary gill lamellae and from there it spreads to the blood and internal organs. Y. ruckeri can be detected by conventional biochemical, serological and molecular methods. Its genome is 3.7 Mb with 3406-3530 coding sequences. Several important virulence factors of Y. ruckeri have been discovered, including haemolyin YhlA and metalloprotease Yrp1. Both non-specific and specific immune responses of fish during the course of Y. ruckeri infection have been well characterized. Several methods of vaccination have been developed for controlling both biotype 1 and biotype 2 Y. ruckeri strains in fish. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding enteric redmouth disease and Y. ruckeri: diagnosis, genome, virulence factors, interaction with the host immune responses, and the development of vaccines against this pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Fish Diseases; Salmonidae; Virulence Factors; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia ruckeri
PubMed: 26404907
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0238-4 -
Genes Sep 2019is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease, a bacterial infection of marine and freshwater fish. The disease mainly affects salmonids, and outbreaks have... (Review)
Review
is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease, a bacterial infection of marine and freshwater fish. The disease mainly affects salmonids, and outbreaks have significant economic impact on fish farms all over the world. Vaccination routines are in place against the major serotypes of but are not effective in all cases. Despite the economic importance of enteric redmouth disease, a detailed molecular understanding of the disease is lacking. A considerable number of mostly omics-based studies have been performed in recent years to identify genes related to virulence. This review summarizes the knowledge on virulence factors. Understanding the molecular pathogenicity of will aid in developing more efficient vaccines and antimicrobial compounds directed against enteric redmouth disease.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Host Specificity; Trout; Virulence Factors; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia ruckeri
PubMed: 31514317
DOI: 10.3390/genes10090700 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022is an important fish pathogen causing enteric redmouth disease. Antibiotics have traditionally been used to control this pathogen, but concerns of antibiotic resistance...
is an important fish pathogen causing enteric redmouth disease. Antibiotics have traditionally been used to control this pathogen, but concerns of antibiotic resistance have created a need for alternative interventions. Presently, chlorate and certain nitrocompounds were tested against as well as a related species within the genus, , to assess the effects of these inhibitors. The results reveal that 9 mM chlorate had no inhibitory effect against , but inhibited growth rates and maximum optical densities of by 20-25% from those of untreated controls (0.46 h and 0.29 maximum optical density, respectively). The results further reveal that 2-nitropropanol and 2-nitroethanol (9 mM) eliminated the growth of both and during anaerobic or aerobic culture. Nitroethane, ethyl nitroacetate and ethyl-2-nitropropionate (9 mM) were less inhibitory when tested similarly. Results from a mixed culture of with fish tank microbes and of with porcine fecal microbes reveal that the anti- activity of the tested nitrocompounds was bactericidal, with 2-nitropropanol and 2-nitroethanol being more potent than the other tested nitrocompounds. The anti- activity observed with these tested compounds warrants further study to elucidate the mechanisms of action and strategies for their practical application.
PubMed: 36422632
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111381 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), a serious infection that affects global aquaculture with high economic impact. The present study used whole...
is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), a serious infection that affects global aquaculture with high economic impact. The present study used whole genome sequences to perform a comparative analysis on 10 strains and to explore their genetic relatedness to other members of the genus. , , and formed a species complex that constitutes the most basal lineage of the genus. The results showed that the taxonomy of strains is better defined by using a core genome alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The distribution of accessory genes in all species revealed the presence of 303 distinctive genes in . Of these, 169 genes were distributed in 17 genomic islands potentially involved in the pathogenesis of ERM via (1) encoding virulence factors such as Afp18, Yrp1, phage proteins and (2) improving the metabolic capabilities by enhancing utilization and metabolism of iron, amino acids (specifically, arginine and histidine), and carbohydrates. The genome of is highly conserved regarding gene structure, gene layout and functional categorization of genes. It contains various components of mobile genetic elements but lacks the CRISPR- system and possesses a stable set of virulence genes possibly playing a critical role in pathogenicity. Distinct virulence plasmids were exclusively restricted to a specific clonal group of (CG4), possibly indicating a selective advantage. Phylogenetic analysis of genomes revealed the co-presence of multiple genetically distant lineages of strains circulating in Germany. Our results also suggest a possible dissemination of a specific group of strains in the United States, Peru, Germany, and Denmark. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the taxonomy and evolution of and contributes to a better understanding of the pathogenicity of ERM in aquaculture. The genomic analysis presented here offers a framework for the development of more efficient control strategies for this pathogen.
PubMed: 34867924
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782415 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry May 2024Mono-O-glycosylation of target proteins by bacterial toxins or effector proteins is a well-known mechanism by which bacteria interfere with essential functions of host...
Mono-O-glycosylation of target proteins by bacterial toxins or effector proteins is a well-known mechanism by which bacteria interfere with essential functions of host cells. The respective glycosyltransferases are important virulence factors such as the Clostridioides difficile toxins A and B. Here, we describe two glycosyltransferases of Yersinia species that have a high sequence identity: YeGT from the zoonotic pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica and YkGT from the murine pathogen Yersinia kristensenii. We show that both modify Rho family proteins by attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) at tyrosine residues (Tyr-34 in RhoA). Notably, the enzymes differed in their target protein specificity. While YeGT modified RhoA, B and C, YkGT possessed a broader substrate spectrum and glycosylated not only Rho but also Rac and Cdc42 subfamily proteins. Mutagenesis studies indicated that residue 177 is important for this broader target spectrum. We determined the crystal structure of YeGT shortened by 16 residues N-terminally (sYeGT) in the ligand-free state and bound to UDP, the product of substrate hydrolysis. The structure assigns sYeGT to the GT-A family. It shares high structural similarity to glycosyltransferase domains from toxins. We also demonstrated that the 16 most N-terminal residues of YeGT and YkGT are important for the mediated translocation into the host cell using the pore-forming protective antigen of anthrax toxin. Mediated introduction into Hela cells or ectopic expression of YeGT and YkGT caused morphological changes and redistribution of the actin cytoskeleton. The data suggest that YeGT and YkGT are likely bacterial effectors belonging to the family of tyrosine glycosylating bacterial glycosyltransferases.
PubMed: 38703997
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107331 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2020In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera and Sorbus domestica plant extracts on bacterial disease agents Yersinia ruckeri in...
In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera and Sorbus domestica plant extracts on bacterial disease agents Yersinia ruckeri in aquaculture. Morphological and biochemical properties of 2 different Y. ruckeri isolates were determined. Then, Real-Time PCR analysis and gene sequencing of the isolates were identified. Phytochemicals (M. oleifera and S. domestica) and antibiotics (Oxytetracycline (OX) and Enrofloxacin (ENR)) were used together in the antibiogram test of antibiotics compared to the effect status of antibiotics. Also, the effects of phytochemicals on Y. ruckeri growth was examined comparatively by spectrophotometrically measuring at 600 nm wavelength every 2 hours according to bacterial growth densities with 10 different groups formed on TSB medium. As a result of the study, it was observed that the isolates formed Gram negative, catalase positive, oxidase negative, mobile and typical Y. ruckeri colonies. After the biochemical tests performed with Microgen ID panel, 99.85% similarity was determined. The isolates overlap with the 16S rRNA gene region after sequence analysis, and 99% of the isolates were similar in phylogenetic analysis. After the antibiogram test, Oxytetracycline and Enrofloxacin antibiotics were resistant to Y. ruckeri but the effects of phytochemicals were less on solid medium (MHA). As a result of the measurements carried out in liquid medium (TSB), it was observed that phytochemicals such as M. oliefera and S. domestica inhibit the growth of bacteria by 40-50%. As the importance of antibiotic resistance is increasing day by day, we believe that these phytochemicals will give positive results in treatment instead of using antibiotics.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fish Diseases; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Phylogeny; Phytochemicals; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia ruckeri
PubMed: 32935820
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.234969 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018Finding the keys to understanding the infectious process of was not a priority for many years due to the prompt development of an effective biotype 1 vaccine which was... (Review)
Review
Finding the keys to understanding the infectious process of was not a priority for many years due to the prompt development of an effective biotype 1 vaccine which was used mainly in Europe and USA. However, the gradual emergence of outbreaks in vaccinated fish, which have been reported since 2003, has awakened interest in the mechanism of virulence in this pathogen. Thus, during the last two decades, a large number of studies have considerably enriched our knowledge of many aspects of the pathogen and its interaction with the host. By means of both conventional and a variety of novel strategies, such as cell GFP tagging, bioluminescence imaging and optical projection tomography, it has been possible to determine three putative infection routes, the main point of entry for the bacterium being the gill lamellae. Moreover, a wide range of potential virulence factors have been highlighted by specific gene mutagenesis strategies or genome-wide transposon/plasmid insertion-based screening approaches, such us expression technology (IVET) and signature tagged mutagenesis (STM). Finally, recent proteomic and whole genomic analyses have allowed many of the genes and systems that are potentially implicated in the organism's pathogenicity and its adaptation to the host environmental conditions to be elucidated. Altogether, these studies contribute to a better understanding of the infectious process of in fish, which is crucial for the development of more effective strategies for preventing or treating enteric redmouth disease (ERM).
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia ruckeri
PubMed: 29998086
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00218 -
Biomolecules Dec 2020, and are pathogenic bacteria capable of causing disease in humans by growing extracellularly in lymph nodes and during systemic infections. While the capacity of... (Review)
Review
, and are pathogenic bacteria capable of causing disease in humans by growing extracellularly in lymph nodes and during systemic infections. While the capacity of these bacteria to invade, replicate, and survive within host cells has been known for long, it is only in recent years that their intracellular stages have been explored in more detail. Current evidence suggests that pathogenic are capable of activating autophagy in both phagocytic and epithelial cells, subverting autophagosome formation to create a niche supporting bacterial intracellular replication. In this review, we discuss recent results opening novel perspectives to the understanding of intimate host-pathogens interactions taking place during enteric yersiniosis and plague.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Biological Transport; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Intracellular Membranes; Yersinia
PubMed: 33291818
DOI: 10.3390/biom10121637 -
BMC Veterinary Research Mar 2018Like many members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, Yersinia ruckeri has the ability to invade non professional phagocytic cells. Intracellular location is advantageous...
BACKGROUND
Like many members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, Yersinia ruckeri has the ability to invade non professional phagocytic cells. Intracellular location is advantageous for the bacterium because it shields it from the immune system and can help it cross epithelial membranes and gain entry into the host. In the present manuscript, we report on our investigation regarding the mechanisms of Y. ruckeri's invasion of host cells.
RESULTS
A gentamycin assay was applied to two isolates, belonging to both the biotype 1 (ATCC 29473) and biotype 2 (A7959-11) and using several cell culture types: Atlantic Salmon Kidney, Salmon Head Kidney and, Chinook salmon embryos cells at both low and high passage numbers. Varying degrees of sensitivity to Y. ruckeri infection were found between the cell types and the biotype 1 strain was found to be more invasive than the non-motile biotype 2 isolate. Furthermore, the effect of six chemical compounds (Cytochalasin D, TAE 226, vinblastine, genistein, colchicine and, N-acetylcysteine), known to interfere with bacterial invasion strategies, were investigated. All of these compounds had a significant impact on the ability of the bacterium to invade host cells. Changes in the concentration of bacterial cells over time were investigated and the results suggested that neither isolate could survive intracellularly for sustained periods.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that Y. ruckeri can gain entrance into host cells through several mechanisms, and might take advantage of both the actin and microtubule cytoskeletal systems.
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Fish Diseases; Kidney; Salmon; Yersinia; Yersinia Infections
PubMed: 29523132
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1408-1 -
Veterinary Research Oct 2016Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease of fish that causes significant economic losses, particularly in salmonids. Bacterial pathogens...
Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease of fish that causes significant economic losses, particularly in salmonids. Bacterial pathogens differentially express proteins in the host during the infection process, and under certain environmental conditions. Iron is an essential nutrient for many cellular processes and is involved in host sensing and virulence regulation in many bacteria. Little is known about proteomics expression of Y. ruckeri in response to iron-limited conditions. Here, we present whole cell protein identification and quantification for two motile and two non-motile strains of Y. ruckeri cultured in vitro under iron-sufficient and iron-limited conditions, using a shotgun proteomic approach. Label-free, gel-free quantification was performed using a nanoLC-ESI and high resolution mass spectrometry. SWATH technology was used to distinguish between different strains and their responses to iron limitation. Sixty-one differentially expressed proteins were identified in four Y. ruckeri strains. These proteins were involved in processes including iron ion capture and transport, and enzymatic metabolism. The proteins were confirmed to be differentially expressed at the transcriptional level using quantitative real time PCR. Our study provides the first detailed proteome analysis of Y. ruckeri strains, which contributes to our understanding of virulence mechanisms of Y. ruckeri, and informs development of novel control methods for enteric redmouth disease.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Iron Deficiencies; Proteomics; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Yersinia Infections; Yersinia ruckeri
PubMed: 27716418
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0384-3