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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2019Integrating graphene with other nanomaterials has created a variety of graphene nanocomposites with extraordinary chemical, optical, mechanical, and electrical...
Integrating graphene with other nanomaterials has created a variety of graphene nanocomposites with extraordinary chemical, optical, mechanical, and electrical properties [...].
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Chitosan; Graphite; Nanocomposites; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 31277200
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132440 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2022Nanotechnology is a far-reaching technology with tremendous applications in various aspects, including general medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, aquaculture,... (Review)
Review
Nanotechnology is a far-reaching technology with tremendous applications in various aspects, including general medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, aquaculture, and food production. Nanomaterials have exceptional physicochemical characteristics, including increased intestinal absorption, biodistribution, bioavailability, and improved antimicrobial and catalytic properties. Although nanotechnology is gaining ground in animal management, husbandry, and production, its wide use is still hampered by occasional toxicity and side effects. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have long been utilized in animal production, aquaculture, and pet animal medicine. However, the use ZnO-NPs in animals has been associated with reports of toxicity and side effects. ZnO-NPs may have shown numerous beneficial effects in animals; its use must be regulated with care to avoid unwanted consequences. Thus, this review emphasizes the usage of ZnO-NPs in animal production and laboratory animals and the potential side effects associated with the use of nanoparticles as a feed supplement and therapeutic compound.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Availability; Nanoparticles; Tissue Distribution; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 35588498
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.814 -
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Sep 2022Rapid transmission of infectious microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria through person-to-person contact has contributed significantly to global health issues. The... (Review)
Review
Rapid transmission of infectious microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria through person-to-person contact has contributed significantly to global health issues. The high survivability of these microorganisms on the material surface enumerates their transmissibility to the susceptible patient. The antimicrobial coating has emerged as one of the most interesting technologies to prevent growth and subsequently kill disease-causing microorganisms. It offers an effective solution a non-invasive, low-cost, easy-in-use, side-effect-free, and environmentally friendly method to prevent nosocomial infection. Among antimicrobial coating, zinc oxide (ZnO) stands as one of the excellent materials owing to zero toxicity, high biocompatibility to human organs, good stability, high abundancy, affordability, and high photocatalytic performance to kill various infectious pathogens. Therefore, this review provides the latest research progress on advanced applications of ZnO nanostructure-based antibacterial coatings for medical devices, biomedical applications, and health care facilities. Finally, future challenges and clinical practices of ZnO-based antibacterial coating are addressed.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Humans; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 35608710
DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02733-9 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2014
Topics: Nanoparticles; Silicon Dioxide; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 25565820
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S57914 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022The crystalline zinc borate phase ZnBO(OH), known in commerce as 2ZnO·3BO·3.5HO, is an important industrial material used as a fire-retardant synergist in polymers, a...
The crystalline zinc borate phase ZnBO(OH), known in commerce as 2ZnO·3BO·3.5HO, is an important industrial material used as a fire-retardant synergist in polymers, a source of micronutrients in agriculture, and a preservative in building materials. It lends durability to wood composite building materials by inhibiting attack by wood destroying organisms. The hydrolysis chemistry of this zinc borate is relevant to its industrial use. ZnBO(OH) exhibits incongruent solubility, reversibly hydrolyzing at neutral pH to insoluble Zn(OH) and soluble B(OH). It is sparingly soluble with a room temperature solubility of 0.270 wt% in terms of its equivalent oxide components in solution, comprising 0.0267 wt% BO and 0.003 wt% ZnO. Aspects of the hydrolysis chemistry of zinc borate under neutral pH conditions are discussed.
Topics: Borates; Hydrolysis; Micronutrients; Polymers; Zinc; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 36144495
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185768 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2020This article presents a state-of-the-art review and analysis of literature studies on the morphological structure, fabrication, cytotoxicity, and photocatalytic toxicity... (Review)
Review
This article presents a state-of-the-art review and analysis of literature studies on the morphological structure, fabrication, cytotoxicity, and photocatalytic toxicity of zinc oxide nanostructures (nZnO) of mammalian cells. nZnO with different morphologies, e.g., quantum dots, nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanotetrapods are toxic to a wide variety of mammalian cell lines due to in vitro cell-material interactions. Several mechanisms responsible for in vitro cytotoxicity have been proposed. These include the penetration of nZnO into the cytoplasm, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that degrade mitochondrial function, induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, and damage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), lipid, and protein molecules. Otherwise, nZnO dissolve extracellularly into zinc ions and the subsequent diffusion of ions into the cytoplasm can create ROS. Furthermore, internalization of nZnO and localization in acidic lysosomes result in their dissolution into zinc ions, producing ROS too in cytoplasm. These ROS-mediated responses induce caspase-dependent apoptosis via the activation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (chop), and phosphoprotein p53 gene expressions. In vivo studies on a mouse model reveal the adverse impacts of nZnO on internal organs through different administration routes. The administration of ZnO nanoparticles into mice via intraperitoneal instillation and intravenous injection facilitates their accumulation in target organs, such as the liver, spleen, and lung. ZnO is a semiconductor with a large bandgap showing photocatalytic behavior under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. As such, photogenerated electron-hole pairs react with adsorbed oxygen and water molecules to produce ROS. So, the ROS-mediated selective killing for human tumor cells is beneficial for cancer treatment in photodynamic therapy. The photoinduced effects of noble metal doped nZnO for creating ROS under UV and visible light for killing cancer cells are also addressed.
Topics: Animals; Catalysis; Cell Survival; DNA Damage; Humans; Nanostructures; Reactive Oxygen Species; Ultraviolet Rays; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 32878253
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176305 -
Photochemical & Photobiological... Oct 2021Sunscreen safety and efficacy is generally evaluated based upon the properties of the individual chemicals in a formulation. However, the photostability of sunscreens...
Sunscreen safety and efficacy is generally evaluated based upon the properties of the individual chemicals in a formulation. However, the photostability of sunscreens has been shown to be highly dependent on the mixture of chemicals present. To better understand how sunscreen formulation influences stability, and to establish a foundation for probing the influence of zinc oxide additives, we formulated five different small-molecule based ultraviolet-filter (UV-filter) mixtures with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 15. These mixtures contained active ingredients approved in either the United States or European Union and were designed to represent formulations of actual products on the market. We evaluated the photostability and toxicity of these mixtures in the absence and presence of zinc oxide after UV exposure for two hours. Changes in UV absorbance were minimal for all five small-molecule-based mixtures without zinc oxide. The presence of either micro- or nano-sized zinc oxide caused significant small-molecule photodegradation and the degraded mixtures exhibited higher levels of toxicity in embryonic zebrafish assays. This study suggests that caution must be taken when formulating sunscreens containing both zinc oxide and small-molecule UV-filters to avoid unintended consequences during use.
Topics: Animals; Particle Size; Sunscreening Agents; Ultraviolet Rays; Zebrafish; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 34647278
DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00101-2 -
Versatile activity and morphological effects of zinc oxide submicron particles as anticancer agents.Nanomedicine (London, England) Apr 2022Submicron particles (SMPs), as novel bionanomaterials, offer complementary benefits to their conventional nano-counterparts. To explore zinc oxide (ZnO) SMPs'...
Submicron particles (SMPs), as novel bionanomaterials, offer complementary benefits to their conventional nano-counterparts. To explore zinc oxide (ZnO) SMPs' bioimaging and anticancer potentials. ZnO SMPs were synthesized into two shapes. Fluorescent spectrum and microscopy were studied for the bioimaging property. Wound healing and Live/Dead assays of glioblastoma cells were characterized for anticancer activities. ZnO SMPs exhibited a high quantum yield (49%) with stable orange fluorescence emission. Both morphologies (most significant in the rod shape) showed tumor-selective properties in cytotoxicity, inhibition to cell migration and attenuating the cancer-upregulated genes. The tumor selectivity was attributed to particle degradation and surface properties on pH dependency. The authors propose that ZnO SMPs could be a promising anticancer drug with tunable, morphology-dependent properties for bioimaging and controlled release.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Fluorescence; Surface Properties; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 35350869
DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0420 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2020This article reviews the recent developments in the synthesis, antibacterial activity, and visible-light photocatalytic bacterial inactivation of nano-zinc oxide.... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the recent developments in the synthesis, antibacterial activity, and visible-light photocatalytic bacterial inactivation of nano-zinc oxide. Polycrystalline wurtzite ZnO nanostructures with a hexagonal lattice having different shapes can be synthesized by means of vapor-, liquid-, and solid-phase processing techniques. Among these, ZnO hierarchical nanostructures prepared from the liquid phase route are commonly used for antimicrobial activity. In particular, plant extract-mediated biosynthesis is a single step process for preparing nano-ZnO without using surfactants and toxic chemicals. The phytochemical molecules of natural plant extracts are attractive agents for reducing and stabilizing zinc ions of zinc salt precursors to form green ZnO nanostructures. The peel extracts of certain citrus fruits like grapefruits, lemons and oranges, acting as excellent chelating agents for zinc ions. Furthermore, phytochemicals of the plant extracts capped on ZnO nanomaterials are very effective for killing various bacterial strains, leading to low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Bioactive phytocompounds from green ZnO also inhibit hemolysis of infected red blood cells and inflammatory activity of mammalian immune system. In general, three mechanisms have been adopted to explain bactericidal activity of ZnO nanomaterials, including direct contact killing, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and released zinc ion inactivation. These toxic effects lead to the destruction of bacterial membrane, denaturation of enzyme, inhibition of cellular respiration and deoxyribonucleic acid replication, causing leakage of the cytoplasmic content and eventual cell death. Meanwhile, antimicrobial activity of doped and modified ZnO nanomaterials under visible light can be attributed to photogeneration of ROS on their surfaces. Thus particular attention is paid to the design and synthesis of visible light-activated ZnO photocatalysts with antibacterial properties.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Free Radicals; Nanostructures; Staphylococcus aureus; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 33266476
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228836 -
Development of Tetrapod Zinc Oxide-Based UV Sensor for Precision Livestock Farming and Productivity.Biosensors Oct 2022In order to ensure the health and welfare of livestock, there has been an emphasis on precision farming of ruminant animals. Monitoring the life index of ruminant...
In order to ensure the health and welfare of livestock, there has been an emphasis on precision farming of ruminant animals. Monitoring the life index of ruminant animals is of importance for intelligent farming. Here, a wearable sensor for monitoring ultraviolet (UV) radiation is demonstrated to understand the effect of primary and secondary photosensitization on dairy animals. Thin films of wide bandgap semiconductor zinc oxide (ZnO) comprising multilevel of nanostructures from microparticles (MP) to nanoparticles (NP), and tetrapod (T-ZnO), were prepared as the UV sensing active materials. The sensitivity was evaluated by exposing the films to various radiation sources, i.e., 365 nm (UV A), 302 nm (UV B), and 254 nm (UV C), and measuring the electrical resistance change. T-ZnO is found to exhibit higher sensitivity and stable response (on/off) upon exposure to UV A and UV B radiation, which is attributed to their higher surface area, aspect ratio, porosity, and interconnective networks inducing a high density of chemical interaction sites and consequently improved photocurrent generation. A wearable sensor using T-ZnO is packaged and attached to a collar for dynamic monitoring of UV response on ruminant animals (e.g., sheep in this study). The excellent performance of T-ZnO wearable sensors for ruminant animals also holds the potential for a wider range of applications such as residential buildings and public spaces.
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Zinc Oxide; Livestock; Nanostructures; Agriculture; Ruminants
PubMed: 36290974
DOI: 10.3390/bios12100837