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Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Apr 2019The extrapetrous course of the facial nerve has been a matter of study and debate since XIX century. Two different classifications have been classically proposed and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The extrapetrous course of the facial nerve has been a matter of study and debate since XIX century. Two different classifications have been classically proposed and widely accepted by most of the authors. Nevertheless, there are reported cases which do not fit in any of those. The aim of this study is to propose a new and useful classification.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We have used 23 embalmed Caucasian adult cadavers (11 male and 12 female) belonging to the Bodies Donation and Dissecting Rooms Centre of the University Complutense of Madrid. The extra-petrous facial nerve was dissected in the possible specimens resulting in 38 facial nerves. The studied parameters were length, diameter of divisions, terminal branches, and nerve connections.
RESULTS
In every specimen two main divisions were found, temporofacial and cervicofacial. They divided into five terminal branches from cranial to caudal: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal or mandibular, and cervical. Based on the comparison with previous proposed classifications, we have unified the patterns in 12 types being the most frequent types the type 3 (eight cases, 21.05%), with connections between temporal, zygomatic and buccal branches and the type 8 (eight cases, 21.05%), a complex network between temporal, zygomatic, buccal, and mandibular branches. The number of terminal branches was so variable.
CONCLUSION
We propose a new 12-patterned classification which summarizes the previous ones. However, we consider that a good study of the number of terminal branches, connections between branches or with other cranial nerves are more useful for surgeons to avoid injuries to the facial nerve during surgery than complex classifications. Anat Rec, 302:599-608, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Anatomic Variation; Facial Nerve; Female; Humans; Male
PubMed: 29659175
DOI: 10.1002/ar.23825 -
Open Veterinary Journal Jul 2023Various salivary gland diseases diagnosed on computed tomography (CT) in dogs have been reported. However, no study described the size and CT attenuation value of normal...
BACKGROUND
Various salivary gland diseases diagnosed on computed tomography (CT) in dogs have been reported. However, no study described the size and CT attenuation value of normal salivary glands in dogs.
AIM
This retrospective analytical study aimed to evaluate the size and attenuation value of the mandibular and zygomatic salivary glands on CT in dogs without cervical or head lesions.
METHODS
The maximum cross-sectional area (MCSA) was measured in 96 dogs and attenuation value on non-contrast and postcontrast images were measured in 90 dogs. Dogs were divided into three groups based on body weight: group 1, ≤ 5.0 kg; group 2, 5.1-10.0 kg; and group 3, 10.1-15.0 kg.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in MCSA for both glands among the three groups. There was no difference in MCSA between the left and right sides in both salivary glands. The MCSA for both salivary glands positively correlated with body weight ( < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the MCSA of the zygomatic gland between males and females ( = 0.02), but there was no significant difference in the mandibular gland. There was a significant difference in the attenuation value between the mandibular and zygomatic glands in non-contrast studies ( < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in postcontrast studies.
CONCLUSION
This study established the reference for the size and attenuation value of the mandibular and zygomatic glands in dogs and provided background data for future CT evaluation of dogs with salivary gland diseases.
Topics: Female; Male; Animals; Dogs; Retrospective Studies; Body Weight; Neck; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 37614734
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i7.2 -
Veterinary Surgery : VS Apr 2021To compare three surgical approaches for excision of the zygomatic gland in dogs. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To compare three surgical approaches for excision of the zygomatic gland in dogs.
STUDY DESIGN
Cadaveric study.
ANIMALS
Cadavers of mesocephalic dogs (n = 20).
METHODS
Each skull was assigned to a lateral approach with zygomatic arch ostectomy on the left (n = 20) and one approach without ostectomy on the right, ventral (n = 10) or dorsal (n = 10) to the zygomatic arch. Approaches were evaluated for surgical exposure (rated on a scale of 1-5 with one optimal exposure), tissue trauma, and completeness of gland removal. Glands from each side were weighed to compare as internal control.
RESULTS
The ostectomy-based approach offered excellent surgical view and good exposure of the zygomatic gland but caused more tissue trauma. The dorsal nonostectomy approach did not allow complete zygomatic gland extraction in nine of the 10 dogs, whereas the ventral nonostectomy approach enabled complete extraction in all 10 dogs.
CONCLUSION
The ventral zygomatic approach allowed complete removal of the zygomatic gland, with good surgical overview, while reducing tissue trauma and preserving the zygomatic arch.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The ventral nonostectomy approach should be considered as an alternative to excise the zygomatic gland in dogs.
Topics: Animals; Cadaver; Dogs; Salivary Glands; Zygoma
PubMed: 33559906
DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13589