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Proceedings of the National Academy of... Feb 2022Women in the United States are much more likely to become mothers as teens than those in other rich countries. Teen births are particularly likely to be reported as...
Women in the United States are much more likely to become mothers as teens than those in other rich countries. Teen births are particularly likely to be reported as unintended, leading to debate over whether better information on sex and contraception might lead to reductions in teen births. We contribute to this debate by providing causal evidence at the population level. Our causal identification strategy exploits county-level variation in the timing and receipt of federal funding for more comprehensive sex education and data on age-specific teen birth rates at the county level constructed from birth certificate natality data covering all births in the United States. Our results show that federal funding for more comprehensive sex education reduced county-level teen birth rates by more than 3%. Our findings thus complement the mixed evidence to date from randomized control trials on teen pregnancies and births by providing population-level causal evidence that federal funding for more comprehensive sex education led to reductions in teen births.
Topics: Adolescent; Birth Rate; Contraception; Female; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 35165192
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113144119 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Oct 2022In Korea, the birth rate is declining at an alarming pace. This study aimed to investigate the changes and trends in the population count, number of births, and birth...
BACKGROUND
In Korea, the birth rate is declining at an alarming pace. This study aimed to investigate the changes and trends in the population count, number of births, and birth rate in Korea, in the past and future.
METHODS
Data regarding the total number of births, crude birth rate, and total fertility rate were collected from the "Statistics Korea Census" of the national statistical portal, census report, and Statistics Korea's "2020 Population Trend Survey for 1981-2020, provisional results of birth and death statistics." We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2019 Family Database for the TFR. To develop a better understanding of the data in this study, we classified it according to the modern history of Korea.
RESULTS
The changes and trends in the number of births and fertility rate in Korea, after liberation, were due to the birth control policy that restricted births. In Korea's low fertility society, which began in the mid-2000s, the fertility rate dropped to below 0.84 in 2020, despite policies to improve the quality of the population. The death toll has reached 300,000, entering an era of population decline.
CONCLUSION
As we enter the era of population decline, we are in a direction that will cause various socioeconomic problems, from demographic problems to future population decline.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Birth Rate; Population Dynamics; Demography; Developing Countries; Public Policy; Asia, Eastern
PubMed: 36325608
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e304 -
Fertility and Sterility May 2023
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Birth Rate; Fertilization in Vitro; Pregnancy Rate; Oocytes; Retrospective Studies; Live Birth; Oocyte Retrieval
PubMed: 36967059
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.03.027 -
Early Human Development Jan 2020This and the next series of Best Practise Guidelines will revisit the main theories that attempt to explain the influences on the sex ratio at birth (M/F), which was...
This and the next series of Best Practise Guidelines will revisit the main theories that attempt to explain the influences on the sex ratio at birth (M/F), which was similarly reviewed in this journal in 2015. The papers include a historical review of the classical theories and initial work pertaining to the study of M/F, an analysis of 88,875,750 live births in an attempt to quantify M/F, the effect of earthquakes and climate change and an attempt to approximate the primary sex ratio (at conception). Another theoretical paper provides several potential explanations for autism spectrum disorder that may be correlated with M/F. Yet paper tests the hypothesis that RhD positive heterozygous mothers have a male-skewed sex ratio. A final paper provides a systematic review of the factors that influences M/F. It is hoped that this set of papers will continue to provide stimulation and food for thought on this intriguing topic.
Topics: Birth Rate; Environment; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Sex Ratio
PubMed: 31493929
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104856 -
NCHS Data Brief Jul 2019This report presents selected highlights from 2018 final birth data on key demographic, health care utilization, and infant health indicators. General fertility rates... (Review)
Review
This report presents selected highlights from 2018 final birth data on key demographic, health care utilization, and infant health indicators. General fertility rates (the number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-44) and teen birth rates are presented. Also shown are the distribution of births with a previous cesarean delivery (vaginal births after previous cesarean [VBAC] and repeat cesarean delivery) and the distribution of births by gestational age. All indicators are compared between 2017 and 2018 and are presented for the three largest race and Hispanic-origin groups: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Rate; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; United States; Vaginal Birth after Cesarean; Young Adult
PubMed: 31442195
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatrics May 2022
Topics: Birth Rate; COVID-19; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Multiple; Premature Birth; United States
PubMed: 35383375
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-055495 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022The continuing decline in the birth rate has led to a series of problems, such as the disproportion of population structure and severe aging population, which have...
The continuing decline in the birth rate has led to a series of problems, such as the disproportion of population structure and severe aging population, which have restricted the country's economic development. To have a deeper understanding of the geographical differences and influencing factors of the birth rate, this paper collects and organizes the birth population data of 31 provinces in mainland China from 2011 to 2019. The national region is divided into seven natural geographical regions to obtain the spatial hierarchy, and a hierarchical Bayesian Spatio-temporal model is established. The INLA algorithm estimates the model parameters. The results show significant spatial and temporal differences in birth rates in mainland China, which are reflected mainly in the combination of spatial, temporal, and Spatio-temporal interaction effects. In the spatial dimension, the northeast is low, the northwest and southwest are high, and the birth rate has an upward trend from east to west. These trends are caused by unbalanced economic development, different fertility attitudes and differences in fertility security, reflecting regional differences in spatial effects. From 2011 to 2019, China's birth rate showed an overall downward trend in the time dimension. However, all regions except the northeast saw a significant but temporary increase in birth rates in 2016 and 2017, reflecting the temporal effect difference in birth rates.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Birth Rate; China; Fertility; Population Dynamics
PubMed: 36253411
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22403-w -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Nov 2021The number of treatments with donated oocytes has risen markedly in Denmark during the latest decade due to changes in legislation and because female age is increasingly... (Review)
Review
The number of treatments with donated oocytes has risen markedly in Denmark during the latest decade due to changes in legislation and because female age is increasingly advanced when fertility treatment is warranted. Today, oocyte donation is a standard procedure offering the otherwise untreatable a high chance of achieving a pregnancy. Live birth rates as high as 35% per treatment are being reported. It is, however, important to be aware of increased risks of hypertensive disorders and bleeding complications in these pregnancies. As pointed out in this review, continuous research in the field is therefore highly needed.
Topics: Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Humans; Oocyte Donation; Oocytes; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34852907
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Opinion in Obstetrics &... Jun 2023Preimplantation genetic testing for the purpose of aneuploidy screening (PGT-A) has increased in use over the last decade. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Preimplantation genetic testing for the purpose of aneuploidy screening (PGT-A) has increased in use over the last decade.
RECENT FINDINGS
Whether PGT-A benefits all of the patients that choose to employ it has been a concern, as recent studies have highlighted a potential decrease in cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) for younger patients undergoing embryo transfer. However, there are limitations to many of these studies and the intended benefit of PGT-A, which is to aid as a selection tool, thus increasing the live birth rate per transfer, must not be ignored.
SUMMARY
PGT-A was never intended to increase CLBR. The purpose of PGT-A is to maximize the chance at live birth per transfer while minimizing the risk of clinical miscarriage, ongoing aneuploid pregnancy and futile transfers. However, if it harms CLBR in the process that has to be taken into consideration. This review will discuss PGT-A in terms of its benefits, risks, and how it has been shown to affect the cumulative live birth rate within in-vitro fertilization cycles.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Birth Rate; Preimplantation Diagnosis; Genetic Testing; Fertilization in Vitro; Abortion, Spontaneous; Aneuploidy; Pregnancy Rate; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37185353
DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000865 -
National Vital Statistics Reports :... Apr 2021Objectives-This report presents 2019 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant...
Objectives-This report presents 2019 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. Methods-Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.75 million births that occurred in 2019 are presented. Data are presented for maternal age, livebirth order, race and Hispanic origin, marital status, tobacco use, prenatal care, source of payment for the delivery, method of delivery, gestational age, birthweight, and plurality. Selected data by mother's state of residence and birth rates by age are also shown. Trend data for 2010 through 2019 are presented for selected items. Trend data by race and Hispanic origin are shown for 2016-2019. Results-A total of 3,747,540 births were registered in the United States in 2019, down 1% from 2018. The general fertility rate declined from 2018 to 58.3 births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 in 2019. The birth rate for females aged 15-19 fell 4% between 2018 and 2019. Birth rates declined for women aged 20-34 and increased for women aged 35-44 for 2018-2019. The total fertility rate declined to 1,706.0 births per 1,000 women in 2019. Birth rates declined for both married and unmarried women from 2018 to 2019. The percentage of women who began prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy rose to 77.6% in 2019; the percentage of all women who smoked during pregnancy declined to 6.0%. The cesarean delivery rate decreased to 31.7% in 2019 (Figure 1). Medicaid was the source of payment for 42.1% of all births in 2019. The preterm birth rate rose for the fifth straight year to 10.23% in 2019; the rate of low birthweight was essentially unchanged from 2018 at 8.31%. Twin and triplet and higher-order multiple birth rates both declined in 2019 compared with 2018.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Certificates; Birth Order; Birth Rate; Birth Weight; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Gestational Age; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Marital Status; Maternal Age; Middle Aged; Mothers; Multiple Birth Offspring; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Racial Groups; Tobacco Use; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 33814033
DOI: No ID Found