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Proceedings of the National Academy of... Feb 2022Women in the United States are much more likely to become mothers as teens than those in other rich countries. Teen births are particularly likely to be reported as...
Women in the United States are much more likely to become mothers as teens than those in other rich countries. Teen births are particularly likely to be reported as unintended, leading to debate over whether better information on sex and contraception might lead to reductions in teen births. We contribute to this debate by providing causal evidence at the population level. Our causal identification strategy exploits county-level variation in the timing and receipt of federal funding for more comprehensive sex education and data on age-specific teen birth rates at the county level constructed from birth certificate natality data covering all births in the United States. Our results show that federal funding for more comprehensive sex education reduced county-level teen birth rates by more than 3%. Our findings thus complement the mixed evidence to date from randomized control trials on teen pregnancies and births by providing population-level causal evidence that federal funding for more comprehensive sex education led to reductions in teen births.
Topics: Adolescent; Birth Rate; Contraception; Female; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 35165192
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113144119 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Oct 2022In Korea, the birth rate is declining at an alarming pace. This study aimed to investigate the changes and trends in the population count, number of births, and birth...
BACKGROUND
In Korea, the birth rate is declining at an alarming pace. This study aimed to investigate the changes and trends in the population count, number of births, and birth rate in Korea, in the past and future.
METHODS
Data regarding the total number of births, crude birth rate, and total fertility rate were collected from the "Statistics Korea Census" of the national statistical portal, census report, and Statistics Korea's "2020 Population Trend Survey for 1981-2020, provisional results of birth and death statistics." We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2019 Family Database for the TFR. To develop a better understanding of the data in this study, we classified it according to the modern history of Korea.
RESULTS
The changes and trends in the number of births and fertility rate in Korea, after liberation, were due to the birth control policy that restricted births. In Korea's low fertility society, which began in the mid-2000s, the fertility rate dropped to below 0.84 in 2020, despite policies to improve the quality of the population. The death toll has reached 300,000, entering an era of population decline.
CONCLUSION
As we enter the era of population decline, we are in a direction that will cause various socioeconomic problems, from demographic problems to future population decline.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Birth Rate; Population Dynamics; Demography; Developing Countries; Public Policy; Asia, Eastern
PubMed: 36325608
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e304 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Nov 2021The number of treatments with donated oocytes has risen markedly in Denmark during the latest decade due to changes in legislation and because female age is increasingly... (Review)
Review
The number of treatments with donated oocytes has risen markedly in Denmark during the latest decade due to changes in legislation and because female age is increasingly advanced when fertility treatment is warranted. Today, oocyte donation is a standard procedure offering the otherwise untreatable a high chance of achieving a pregnancy. Live birth rates as high as 35% per treatment are being reported. It is, however, important to be aware of increased risks of hypertensive disorders and bleeding complications in these pregnancies. As pointed out in this review, continuous research in the field is therefore highly needed.
Topics: Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Humans; Oocyte Donation; Oocytes; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34852907
DOI: No ID Found -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022The continuing decline in the birth rate has led to a series of problems, such as the disproportion of population structure and severe aging population, which have...
The continuing decline in the birth rate has led to a series of problems, such as the disproportion of population structure and severe aging population, which have restricted the country's economic development. To have a deeper understanding of the geographical differences and influencing factors of the birth rate, this paper collects and organizes the birth population data of 31 provinces in mainland China from 2011 to 2019. The national region is divided into seven natural geographical regions to obtain the spatial hierarchy, and a hierarchical Bayesian Spatio-temporal model is established. The INLA algorithm estimates the model parameters. The results show significant spatial and temporal differences in birth rates in mainland China, which are reflected mainly in the combination of spatial, temporal, and Spatio-temporal interaction effects. In the spatial dimension, the northeast is low, the northwest and southwest are high, and the birth rate has an upward trend from east to west. These trends are caused by unbalanced economic development, different fertility attitudes and differences in fertility security, reflecting regional differences in spatial effects. From 2011 to 2019, China's birth rate showed an overall downward trend in the time dimension. However, all regions except the northeast saw a significant but temporary increase in birth rates in 2016 and 2017, reflecting the temporal effect difference in birth rates.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Birth Rate; China; Fertility; Population Dynamics
PubMed: 36253411
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22403-w -
NCHS Data Brief Jul 2019This report presents selected highlights from 2018 final birth data on key demographic, health care utilization, and infant health indicators. General fertility rates... (Review)
Review
This report presents selected highlights from 2018 final birth data on key demographic, health care utilization, and infant health indicators. General fertility rates (the number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-44) and teen birth rates are presented. Also shown are the distribution of births with a previous cesarean delivery (vaginal births after previous cesarean [VBAC] and repeat cesarean delivery) and the distribution of births by gestational age. All indicators are compared between 2017 and 2018 and are presented for the three largest race and Hispanic-origin groups: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Rate; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; United States; Vaginal Birth after Cesarean; Young Adult
PubMed: 31442195
DOI: No ID Found -
Reviews on Environmental Health Sep 2023Human health is affected by various factors such as air pollutants. Exposure to toxic air pollutants is impaired fertility in men and women. The purpose of this review... (Review)
Review
Human health is affected by various factors such as air pollutants. Exposure to toxic air pollutants is impaired fertility in men and women. The purpose of this review study was investigation of the effect of toxic air pollutants on fertility and birth rate. Databases used to for searched were the PubMed, Web of Science, Springer and Science Direct (Scopus) and Google Scholar. Identify all relevant studies published 1999-2022. In this study, according to databases five hundred articles were retrieved. 33 studies were screened after review and 19 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 11 articles were selected in this study. The literature signs a notable health effects from toxic air pollutants and increase risk of infertility in men and women and having a variety of reproductive system cancers such as prostate, bladder, ovary, kidney and uterus. According to the finding toxic air pollutants can increase the risk infertility in men and women, incidence of cancers of reproductive system and decrease the birth rate. Activities that play an important role in reducing the health effects of toxic air pollutants such as infertility in men and women and reducing the population rate of communities are improving the quality of fuel used in the home, car, industries, changing production processes in large industries, installing catalysts to reduce emissions in cars, use more public transportation, plant trees and increase green space per capita, increase public awareness about various effects of toxic air pollutants and protective measures.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Air Pollutants; Birth Rate; Fertility; Infertility; Fetus; Neoplasms
PubMed: 35724665
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0032 -
Journal of Ovarian Research Aug 2023To comprehensively evaluate the influence of dienogest (DNG) versus non-DNG pretreatment on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) outcomes for patients... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
To comprehensively evaluate the influence of dienogest (DNG) versus non-DNG pretreatment on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) outcomes for patients with endometriosis.
METHODS
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP were comprehensively searched for relevant publications until September 14, 2022. Primary outcomes included clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate. Secondary outcomes included retrieved oocytes, mature oocytes, blastocysts, growing follicles, transferrable embryos, fertilization rate, implantation rate, and miscarriage rate. Subgroup analysis was performed according to different grouping methods and embryo types.
RESULTS
Five studies of 568 females with endometriosis were involved in this systematic review and meta-analysis. DNG treatment exhibited similar effects to non-DNG treatment on either the primary or the secondary outcomes (all P > 0.05). The DNG group had a significantly greater clinical pregnancy rate than the non-hormonal treatment group (pooled relative risk [RR]: 2.055, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.275, 3.312, P = 0.003), and exhibited a significantly lower clinical pregnancy rate than the long gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) group (RR: 0.542, 95%CI: 0.321, 0.916, P = 0.022). For patients undergoing fresh embryo transfer, the DNG group displayed a significantly greater clinical pregnancy rate versus the non-DNG group (pooled RR: 1.848, 95%CI: 1.234, 2.767, P = 0.003). Patients receiving DNG had a significantly greater live birth rate than those with non-hormonal treatment (pooled RR: 2.136, 95%CI: 1.223, 3.734, P = 0.008), while having a significantly lower live birth rate than the long GnRH-a group (RR: 0.441, 95%CI: 0.214, 0.907, P = 0.026). While using fresh embryos, patients with DNG treatment had an increased live birth rate, compared with those without DNG treatment (pooled RR: 2.132, 95%CI: 1.090, 4.169, P = 0.027).
CONCLUSION
DNG treatment may have similar effects to non-DNG treatment on IVF-ET outcomes. The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate after DNG treatment may be significantly higher than those after non-hormonal treatment. More evidence is warranted to corroborate these findings.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Endometriosis; Birth Rate; Fertilization in Vitro; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
PubMed: 37587520
DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01245-8 -
Environmental Health and Preventive... Mar 2019In 1952, the Japanese Society for Hygiene had once passed a resolution at its 22nd symposium on population control, recommending the suppression of population growth...
For making a declaration of countermeasures against the falling birth rate from the Japanese Society for Hygiene: summary of discussion in the working group on academic research strategy against an aging society with low birth rate.
In 1952, the Japanese Society for Hygiene had once passed a resolution at its 22nd symposium on population control, recommending the suppression of population growth based on the idea of cultivating a healthier population in the area of eugenics. Over half a century has now passed since this recommendation; Japan is witnessing an aging of the population (it is estimated that over 65-year-olds made up 27.7% of the population in 2017) and a decline in the birth rate (total fertility rate 1.43 births per woman in 2017) at a rate that is unparalleled in the world; Japan is faced with a "super-aging" society with low birth rate. In 2017, the Society passed a resolution to encourage all scientists to engage in academic researches to address the issue of the declining birth rate that Japan is currently facing. In this commentary, the Society hereby declares that the entire text of the 1952 proposal is revoked and the ideas relating to eugenics is rejected. Since the Society has set up a working group on the issue in 2016, there have been three symposiums, and working group committee members began publishing a series of articles in the Society's Japanese language journal. This commentary primarily provides an overview of the findings from the published articles, which will form the scientific basis for the Society's declaration. The areas we covered here included the following: (1) improving the social and work environment to balance between the personal and professional life; (2) proactive education on reproductive health; (3) children's health begins with nutritional management in women of reproductive age; (4) workplace environment and occupational health; (5) workplace measures to counter the declining birth rate; (6) research into the effect of environmental chemicals on sexual maturity, reproductive function, and the children of next generation; and (7) comprehensive research into the relationship among contemporary society, parental stress, and healthy child-rearing. Based on the seven topics, we will set out a declaration to address Japan's aging society with low birth rate.
Topics: Aging; Birth Rate; Child; Child Health; Environmental Exposure; Female; Health Planning Guidelines; Humans; Japan; Male; Occupational Health; Reproductive Health; Research Design; Societies, Scientific; Stress, Psychological; Women's Health
PubMed: 30836940
DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0768-x -
JBRA Assisted Reproduction Aug 2022Embryo transfer (ET) is the final step of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Different strategies have been proposed to increase the likelihood of implantation, such as... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Embryo transfer (ET) is the final step of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Different strategies have been proposed to increase the likelihood of implantation, such as post-transfer bed rest. The objective of this manuscript was to compare the clinical outcomes of embryo transfers after IVF of patients offered rest vs. early ambulation. The patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome(s) (PICO) model was used to select the study population, which included women/couples submitted to IVF and prescribed bed rest or early ambulation. Only studies including live birth (LB) as an outcome were included (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/CRD42020188716) A systematic search for studies was conducted on MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. A librarian coordinated the searches in May 2020, which considered articles published since 1995. All original peer-reviewed articles in English were included, regardless of study design. The search retrieved 27 citations, of which 14 were eligible for full-text analysis and four accepted for inclusion. The studies included data on 21,598 patients/cycles (rest: 20,138; early ambulation: 1,460). Patients prescribed bed rest had an LB rate of 43.6% vs. 52.5% in the individuals not offered bed rest. The meta-analysis yielded an odds ratio of 0.77 (95% CI 0.5-1.2), which means patients on bed rest were 23% less likely to have a LB; nevertheless, this difference was not statistically significant. Considering that there is no difference between the two strategies, there is no evidence to recommend bed rest after embryo transfer.
Topics: Bed Rest; Birth Rate; Early Ambulation; Embryo Transfer; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Live Birth; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate
PubMed: 35621274
DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20220003 -
National Vital Statistics Reports :... Nov 2019Objectives-This report presents 2018 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant...
Objectives-This report presents 2018 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. Methods-Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.79 million births that occurred in 2018 are presented. Data are presented for maternal age, live-birth order, race and Hispanic origin, marital status, tobacco use, prenatal care, source of payment for the delivery, method of delivery, gestational age, birthweight, and plurality. Selected data by mother's state of residence and birth rates by age also are shown. Trend data for 2010 through 2018 are presented for selected items. Trend data by race and Hispanic origin are shown for 2016-2018. Results-3,791,712 births were registered in the United States in 2018, down 2% from 2017. Compared with rates in 2017, the general fertility rate declined to 59.1 births per 1,000 women aged 15-44. The birth rate for females aged 15-19 fell 7% in 2018. Birth rates declined for women aged 20-34 and increased for women aged 35-44. The total fertility rate declined to 1,729.5 births per 1,000 women in 2018. Birth rates for both married and unmarried women declined from 2017 to 2018. The percentage of women who began prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy rose to 77.5% in 2018; the percentage of all women who smoked during pregnancy declined to 6.5%. The cesarean delivery rate decreased to 31.9% in 2018 following an increase in 2017. Medicaid was the source of payment for 42.3% of all 2018 births, down 2% from 2017. The preterm birth rate rose for the fourth straight year to 10.02% in 2018; the rate of low birthweight was unchanged at 8.28%. Twin and triplet and higher-order multiple birth rates declined in 2018 (Figure 1).
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Certificates; Birth Order; Birth Rate; Birth Weight; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Gestational Age; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Marital Status; Maternal Age; Mothers; Multiple Birth Offspring; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Racial Groups; Tobacco Use; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 32501202
DOI: No ID Found