-
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Nov 2021
Topics: Adult; Birth Rate; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Twin; Twins
PubMed: 33629783
DOI: 10.1002/uog.23620 -
The Eugenics Review Apr 1946
Topics: Birth Rate; Netherlands; Vital Statistics
PubMed: 20982104
DOI: No ID Found -
Early Human Development Jan 2020This and the next series of Best Practise Guidelines will revisit the main theories that attempt to explain the influences on the sex ratio at birth (M/F), which was...
This and the next series of Best Practise Guidelines will revisit the main theories that attempt to explain the influences on the sex ratio at birth (M/F), which was similarly reviewed in this journal in 2015. The papers include a historical review of the classical theories and initial work pertaining to the study of M/F, an analysis of 88,875,750 live births in an attempt to quantify M/F, the effect of earthquakes and climate change and an attempt to approximate the primary sex ratio (at conception). Another theoretical paper provides several potential explanations for autism spectrum disorder that may be correlated with M/F. Yet paper tests the hypothesis that RhD positive heterozygous mothers have a male-skewed sex ratio. A final paper provides a systematic review of the factors that influences M/F. It is hoped that this set of papers will continue to provide stimulation and food for thought on this intriguing topic.
Topics: Birth Rate; Environment; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Sex Ratio
PubMed: 31493929
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104856 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) May 2024
Topics: Humans; Birth Rate; China; Female
PubMed: 38724097
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q1000 -
BMC Medicine Sep 2020The universal two-child policy in China which was announced in October 2015 might affect the caesarean birth rate. Few studies reported the caesarean birth rate affected...
BACKGROUND
The universal two-child policy in China which was announced in October 2015 might affect the caesarean birth rate. Few studies reported the caesarean birth rate affected by the policy especially after the universal two-child policy period. This study aimed to demonstrate the caesarean birth rate changes before and after the universal two-child policy and further elaborate the underlying influencing factors.
METHODS
This nationwide, retrospective, population-based study was based on National Free Pre-Pregnancy Check-ups Project (NFPCP). Couples planning to conceive in next 6 months were encouraged to participate in NFPCP. Baseline information was collected using a standardized questionnaire with a face-to-face interview, and medical examinations were conducted. Two rounds of follow-up interviews were then conducted by trained nurses to update pregnancy status and outcomes. NFPCP participants who completed deliveries before December 31, 2018, were included in the current study. We used marginal effect of year to examine the trend of caesarean birth rate over time and interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to determine impacts of the universal two-child policy on the trend of caesarean birth rate.
RESULTS
A total of 9,398,045 participants were included in the final analysis. High-risk factors to increase caesarean birth rate were identified. In the current study, the standardized caesarean birth rate declined from 34.1% in 2013 to 31.8% in 2015 and increased to 35.6% in 2018. ITS analysis showed the caesarean birth rate decreased by 0.1% (95% CI 0.1-0.1) per month before the release of universal two-child policy, 1.3% (95% CI 0.6-2.1%) absolute drop during the policy release month, and increased by 0.2% (95% CI 0.1-0.2%) per month after the policy implementation. For the period after the policy release, the increasing trends were observed in rural participants and urban primiparas. The prevalence of caesarean birth rates within China varied regionally.
CONCLUSIONS
The decreasing trend of caesarean birth rate was reported after immediate release of the universal two-child policy. An increasing trend of caesarean birth rate was observed 2-3 years after the policy. It reminds us that the caesarean birth rate control is a long-lasting process and all the strategies need to be continually reinforced.
Topics: Adult; Birth Rate; Cesarean Section; China; Female; History, 21st Century; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Policy; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 32928217
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01714-7 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Jul 1957
Topics: Birth Rate; Humans; Moon; Vital Statistics
PubMed: 13435294
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(16)37014-4 -
Lancet (London, England) Jun 2021
Topics: Aging; Birth Rate; China; Family Planning Policy; Humans; Policy; Social Norms
PubMed: 34119051
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01295-2 -
Kangogaku Zasshi Jan 1974
Topics: Birth Rate; Europe; Japan
PubMed: 4205395
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Health Economics May 2015We investigate trends in the U.S. rate of teen childbearing between 1981 and 2010, focusing specifically on the sizable decline since 1991. We focus on establishing the...
We investigate trends in the U.S. rate of teen childbearing between 1981 and 2010, focusing specifically on the sizable decline since 1991. We focus on establishing the role of state-level demographic changes, economic conditions, and targeted policies in driving recent aggregate trends. We offer three main observations. First, the recent decline cannot be explained by the changing racial and ethnic composition of teens. Second, the only targeted policies that have had a statistically discernible impact on aggregate teen birth rates are declining welfare benefits and expanded access to family planning services through Medicaid, but these policies can account for only 12.6 percent of the observed decline since 1991. Third, higher unemployment rates lead to lower teen birth rates and can account for 16 percent of the decline in teen birth rates since the Great Recession began.
Topics: Adolescent; Birth Rate; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Public Policy; Sexual Behavior; Unemployment; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 25647142
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.01.003 -
Early Human Development Jan 2020The sex ratio at birth (male divided by total births: M/F is often quoted as approximating 0.515. Many factors have been shown to influence this ratio, and these include...
INTRODUCTION
The sex ratio at birth (male divided by total births: M/F is often quoted as approximating 0.515. Many factors have been shown to influence this ratio, and these include both acute events and chronic circumstances, both of which may be man-made or natural. This study was carried out in order to attempt to narrow down the range for M/F from a large and internationally recognised dataset of countries reporting live births to the World Health Organisation (WHO).
METHODS
Male and female live births were obtained from a WHO (Health for All - HFA) database for the five year period 1996-2000, for all countries reporting to WHO, and for which these values were reported.
RESULTS
This study analysed 88,875,750 live births. M/F is estimated at 0.5147 (95% CI: 0.5146-0.5148), quite close to the widely quoted value of 0.515.
DISCUSSION
M/F may be less due to female foeticide which cannot be accurately assessed, an unavoidable limitation. Other limitations for M/F estimates such as these are broad, cyclic secular variations, broad demographic population changes, chronic stress and an overall declining M/F in industrialised countries.
Topics: Birth Rate; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Sex Ratio; World Health Organization
PubMed: 31492547
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104858