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European Journal of Cell Biology Jun 2024The facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria (L.) monocytogenes may cause severe diseases in humans and animals. The control of listeriosis/L. monocytogenes requires... (Review)
Review
The facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria (L.) monocytogenes may cause severe diseases in humans and animals. The control of listeriosis/L. monocytogenes requires the concerted action of cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this regard, cell-intrinsic immunity of infected cells, activated by the immune responses, is crucial for the control and elimination intracellular L. monocytogenes. Both the immune response against L. monocytogenes and cell intrinsic pathogen control are critically regulated by post-translational modifications exerted by the host ubiquitin system and ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubls). In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the role of the ubiquitin system and Ubls in listeriosis, as well as future directions of research.
Topics: Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Humans; Animals; Ubiquitin; Host-Pathogen Interactions
PubMed: 38442571
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151401 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Oct 2015Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a disease associated with high mortality rates. L. monocytogenes causes... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a disease associated with high mortality rates. L. monocytogenes causes invasive syndromes and case-fatality can be as high as 30%, in specific high-risk population groups such as the elderly, immuno-compromised individuals, fetuses and newborns. Acquisition of the disease is mainly due to consumption of contaminated (predominantly ready-to-eat) food. We aimed to provide a state-of-the-art collection of different likely evolutionary models, based on recombination and positive selection, and the phylogenetic relationship between lineages of L. monocytogenes and between them and other Listeria species. We described the most recent findings in comparative pan-genomics, considering the core and accessory genome in relation to virulence and adaptation to different environments. Finally, this review illustrates L. monocytogenes epidemiology and transmission in humans, foods and animals, the surveillance systems of the European Union and United States and the application of molecular techniques as a core tool in epidemiological investigation.
Topics: Europe; Evolution, Molecular; Food Microbiology; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Phylogeny; Selection, Genetic; United States
PubMed: 26254574
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.008 -
The Veterinary Quarterly 2015Listeriosis is an infectious and fatal disease of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and humans. It is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes,... (Review)
Review
Listeriosis is an infectious and fatal disease of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and humans. It is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood-brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by septicaemia, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, abortion, stillbirth, perinatal infections and gastroenteritis with the incubation period varying with the form of infection. L. monocytogenes has been isolated worldwide from humans, animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and infection is mainly transmitted through foods in humans and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis
PubMed: 26073265
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1063023 -
Food Microbiology Oct 2018The classical definition of a disease outbreak is the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a community, geographical area or... (Review)
Review
The classical definition of a disease outbreak is the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a community, geographical area or time period. The establishment of an outbreak then starts with the identification of an incidence of cases above the normally expected threshold during a given time period. Subsequently, the cases are examined using a variety of subtyping methods to identify potential linkages. As listeriosis disease has a long incubation period, relating a single source or multiple sources of contaminated food to clinical disease is challenging and time consuming. The vast majority of human listeriosis cases are caused by three serotypes, 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Thus serotyping of isolates from suspected foods and clinical samples, although useful for eliminating some food sources, has a very limited discriminatory power. The advent of faster and more affordable sequencing technology, coupled with increased computational power, has permitted comparisons of whole Listeria genome sequences from isolates recovered from clinical, food, and environmental sources. These analyses made it possible to identify outbreaks and the source much more accurately and faster, thus leading to a reduction in number of illnesses as well as a reduction in economic losses. Initial DNA sequence information also facilitated the development of a simple molecular serotype protocol which allowed for the identification of major disease causing serotypes of L. monocytogenes, including a clade of 4b variant (4bV) strains of L. monocytogenes involved in at least 3 more recent listeriosis outbreaks in the US. Furthermore, data generated using whole genome sequence (WGS) analyses was successfully utilized to develop a pan-genomic DNA microarray as well as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based analysis. Herein, we present and compare, the two recently developed sub-typing technologies and discuss how these methods are not only important in outbreak investigations, but could also shed light on possible adaptations to different foods and environments.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Genotype; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Phylogeny; Serogroup
PubMed: 30056958
DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.013 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021The yellow mealworm beetle () has been exploited as an experimental model to unravel the intricacies of cellular and humoral immunity against pathogenic infections.... (Review)
Review
The yellow mealworm beetle () has been exploited as an experimental model to unravel the intricacies of cellular and humoral immunity against pathogenic infections. Studies on this insect model have provided valuable insights into the phenotypic plasticity of immune defenses against parasites and pathogens. It has thus been possible to characterize the hemocoelic defenses of that rely on the recognition of non-self-components of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The subsequent signaling cascade activating pathways such as the NF-κB controlled by Toll and IMD pathways lead to the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), onset of hemocyte-driven phagocytosis, and activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade regulating the process of melanization. Nevertheless, the activation of autophagy-mediated defenses of against the facultative intracellular gram-positive bacterium provides clear evidence of the existence of a cross-talk between autophagy and the IMD pathway. Moreover, the identification of several autophagy-related genes () in transcriptome and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases has contributed to the understanding of the autophagy-signaling cascade triggered by challenge. Providing further evidence of the cross-talk hypothesis, has been shown to be required not only for regulating the synthesis of AMPs through the PGRP-LE/IMD pathway activation but also for the expression of in larvae following challenge. Notably, can stimulate the innate immune system by producing molecules recognized by the multifunctional PRR (PGRP-LE), which stimulates intracellular activation of the IMD pathway and autophagy. Considering the conservation of autophagy components involved in combating intracellular pathogens, it will be interesting to extrapolate a dynamic cross-talk model of immune activation. This review summarizes the most significant findings on the regulation of autophagy in during infection and on the role of the innate immunity machinery, including the NF-κB pathway, in the control of pathogenic load.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy-Related Proteins; Bacterial Load; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immunity, Innate; Insect Proteins; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Macroautophagy; Signal Transduction; Tenebrio
PubMed: 34135896
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667664 -
Toxins May 2020Although it rarely induces disease in humans, () is important due to the frequency of serious pathological conditions-such as sepsis and meningitis-it causes in those... (Review)
Review
Although it rarely induces disease in humans, () is important due to the frequency of serious pathological conditions-such as sepsis and meningitis-it causes in those few people that do get infected. Virulence factors (VF) of -especially those involved in the passage through multiple cellular barriers of the body, including internalin (Inl) family members and listeriolysin O (LLO)-have been investigated both in vitro and in vivo, but the majority of work was focused on the mechanisms utilized during penetration of the gut and fetoplacental barriers. The role of listerial VF during entry into other organs remain as only partially solved puzzles. Here, we review the current knowledge on the entry of into one of its more significant destinations, the brain, with a specific focus on the role of various VF in cellular adhesion and invasion.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Brain; Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections; Heat-Shock Proteins; Hemolysin Proteins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32380697
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050297 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Dec 2016We characterized incubation periods among outbreak-associated listeriosis cases, using a simulation model to account for patients with multiple exposure dates. The... (Review)
Review
We characterized incubation periods among outbreak-associated listeriosis cases, using a simulation model to account for patients with multiple exposure dates. The median was 11 days; 90% of cases occurred within 28 days, and incubation periods varied by clinical manifestation.
Topics: Adult; Bacteremia; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Infectious Disease Incubation Period; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27535950
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw569 -
Biology of Reproduction Nov 2023The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Infection occurs through consumption of contaminated food that is disseminated...
OBJECTIVES
The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Infection occurs through consumption of contaminated food that is disseminated to the maternal-fetal interface. The influence on the gastrointestinal microbiome during Lm infection remains unexplored in pregnancy. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of listeriosis on the gut microbiota of pregnant macaques.
METHODS
A non-human primate model of listeriosis in pregnancy has been previously described. Both pregnant and non-pregnant cynomolgus macaques were inoculated with Lm and bacteremia and fecal shedding were monitored for 14 days. Non-pregnant animal tissues were collected at necropsy to determine bacterial burden, and fecal samples from both pregnant and non-pregnant animals were evaluated by 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing.
RESULTS
Unlike pregnant macaques, non-pregnant macaques did not exhibit bacteremia, fecal shedding, or tissue colonization by Lm. Dispersion of Lm during pregnancy was associated with a significant decrease in alpha diversity of the host gut microbiome, compared to non-pregnant counterparts. The combined effects of pregnancy and listeriosis were associated with a significant loss in microbial richness, although there were increases in some genera and decreases in others.
CONCLUSIONS
Although pregnancy alone is not associated with gut microbiome disruption, we observed dysbiosis with listeriosis during pregnancy. The macaque model may provide an understanding of the roles that pregnancy and the gut microbiota play in the ability of Lm to establish intestinal infection and disseminate throughout the host, thereby contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk to the developing fetus.
Topics: Pregnancy; Animals; Female; Listeria monocytogenes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Listeriosis; Macaca fascicularis; Bacteremia
PubMed: 37665249
DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad104 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020is a Gram-positive foodborne bacterial pathogen capable of interacting and crossing the intestinal barrier, blood-brain barrier, and placental barrier to cause deadly... (Review)
Review
is a Gram-positive foodborne bacterial pathogen capable of interacting and crossing the intestinal barrier, blood-brain barrier, and placental barrier to cause deadly infection with high mortality. is an intracellular pathogen characterized by its ability to enter non-phagocytic cells. Expression of the cytolysin listeriolysin O has been shown to be the main virulence determinant and in mouse models. can also perform cell-to-cell spreading using actin-rich membrane protrusions to infect neighboring cells, which also constitutes an important strategy for infection. These events including entry into host cells, interaction between listeriolysin O and host plasma membrane, and bacterial cell-to-cell spreading have been demonstrated to implicate the cholesterol-rich lipid rafts or molecules in these microdomains in the host plasma membrane with tissue culture models. Here we review the contribution of lipid rafts on plasma membrane to infection.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Heat-Shock Proteins; Hemolysin Proteins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Membrane Microdomains; Virulence
PubMed: 32849575
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01666 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Jun 2015Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is widely distributed in the environment, but also has the ability to cause serious invasive disease in ruminants and humans. This review... (Review)
Review
Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is widely distributed in the environment, but also has the ability to cause serious invasive disease in ruminants and humans. This review provides an overview of listeriosis in ruminants and discusses our insufficient understanding of reservoirs and possible cycling ofL. monocytogenes between animal and human hosts, food and the environment. It indicates gaps in our knowledge of the role of genetic subtypes in L. monocytogenes ecology and virulence as well as risk factors, in vivo diagnostics and pathogenesis of listeriosis in ruminants. Filling these gaps will contribute to improving the control of L. monocytogenes and enhancing disease prevention. As the prevalence of listeriosis in ruminants in Switzerland is likely to be underestimated, propositions concerning improvement options for surveillance of listeriosis in ruminants are provided.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Environmental Microbiology; Food Microbiology; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Population Surveillance; Ruminants; Switzerland; Zoonoses
PubMed: 26753347
DOI: 10.17236/sat00022