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Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology Mar 2022Melatonin is a biogenic amine that can be found in plants, animals and microorganism. The metabolic pathway of melatonin is different in various organisms, and... (Review)
Review
Melatonin is a biogenic amine that can be found in plants, animals and microorganism. The metabolic pathway of melatonin is different in various organisms, and biosynthetic endogenous melatonin acts as a molecular signal and antioxidant protection against external stress. Microbial synthesis pathways of melatonin are similar to those of animals but different from those of plants. At present, the method of using microorganism fermentation to produce melatonin is gradually prevailing, and exploring the biosynthetic pathway of melatonin to modify microorganism is becoming the mainstream, which has more advantages than traditional chemical synthesis. Here, we review recent advances in the synthesis, optimization of melatonin pathway. l-tryptophan is one of the two crucial precursors for the synthesis of melatonin, which can be produced through a four-step reaction. Enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis have low specificity and catalytic efficiency. Site-directed mutation, directed evolution or promotion of cofactor synthesis can enhance enzyme activity and increase the metabolic flow to promote microbial melatonin production. On the whole, the status and bottleneck of melatonin biosynthesis can be improved to a higher level, providing an effective reference for future microbial modification.
PubMed: 35087957
DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.12.011 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Root exudates are an essential carrier for material cycling, energy exchange, and information transfer between the belowground parts of plants and the soil. We... (Review)
Review
Root exudates are an essential carrier for material cycling, energy exchange, and information transfer between the belowground parts of plants and the soil. We synthesize current properties and regulators of root exudates and their role in the belowground ecosystem as substances cycle and signal regulation. We discussed the composition and amount of root exudates and their production mechanism, indicating that plant species, growth stage, environmental factors, and microorganisms are primary influence factors. The specific mechanisms by which root secretions mobilize the soil nutrients were summarized. First, plants improve the nutrient status of the soil by releasing organic acids for acidification and chelation. Then, root exudates accelerated the SOC turnover due to their dual impacts, forming and destabilizing aggregates and MASOC. Eventually, root exudates mediate the plant-plant interaction and plant-microbe interaction. Additionally, a summary of the current collection methods of root exudates is presented.
PubMed: 36274740
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.937940 -
Infectious Diseases 2020Miltefosine is an anti-cancer drug used to treat leishmaniasis and deadly opportunistic free-living amoeba and other deadly pathogenic microorganisms. Several studies... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Miltefosine is an anti-cancer drug used to treat leishmaniasis and deadly opportunistic free-living amoeba and other deadly pathogenic microorganisms. Several studies have demonstrated its antiviral effect. In this study, we discuss the effectiveness of this drug on pathogenic microorganisms, and according to the functional system of the medicine, we present this drug as a therapeutic proposal to treat Coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
METHODS
A literature search was conducted in electronic databases, including Pubmed, Science Direct, Elsevier, and Google Scholar, and articles published from 2006 to 2020 (the last decade) were selected. The search keywords included Miltefosine, microorganism, pathogen, and treatment.
RESULTS
The studies indicated that Miltefosine had therapeutic effects on leishmaniasis and deadly opportunistic free-living amoeba and other deadly pathogenic microorganisms. Several studies have proven its antiviral effect.
CONCLUSION
Owing to the beneficial effects of this drug on pathogenic and deadly microorganisms and antiviral effects, and due to the epidemic of Coronavirus and the lack of effective treatment and vaccine, this drug is recommended as one of the treatment options for this disease.
PubMed: 33311985
DOI: 10.1177/1178633720977488 -
Military Medical Research Feb 2023Fungi and bacteria afflict humans with innumerous pathogen-related infections and ailments. Most of the commonly employed microbicidal agents target commensal and... (Review)
Review
Fungi and bacteria afflict humans with innumerous pathogen-related infections and ailments. Most of the commonly employed microbicidal agents target commensal and pathogenic microorganisms without discrimination. To distinguish and fight the pathogenic species out of the microflora, novel antimicrobials have been developed that selectively target specific bacteria and fungi. The cell wall features and antimicrobial mechanisms that these microorganisms involved in are highlighted in the present review. This is followed by reviewing the design of antimicrobials that selectively combat a specific community of microbes including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as well as fungi. Finally, recent advances in the antimicrobial immunomodulation strategy that enables treating microorganism infections with high specificity are reviewed. These basic tenets will enable the avid reader to design novel approaches and compounds for antibacterial and antifungal applications.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria
PubMed: 36829246
DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00443-1 -
Trends in Plant Science Mar 2016Signaling studies in the rhizosphere have focused on close interactions between plants and symbiotic microorganisms. However, this focus is likely to expand to other... (Review)
Review
Signaling studies in the rhizosphere have focused on close interactions between plants and symbiotic microorganisms. However, this focus is likely to expand to other microorganisms because the rhizomicrobiome is important for plant health and is able to influence the structure of the microbial community. We discuss here the shaping of the rhizomicrobiome and define which aspects can be considered signaling. We divide signaling in the rhizosphere into three categories: (i) between microbes, (ii) from plants to microorganisms, and (iii) from microorganisms to plants. Signals act on diverse organisms including the plant. Mycorrhizal and rhizobial interkingdom signaling has revealed its pivotal role in establishing associations, and the recent discovery of signaling with non-symbiotic microorganisms indicates the important role of communication in shaping the rhizomicrobiome.
Topics: Microbiota; Models, Biological; Plants; Rhizosphere; Signal Transduction; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 26832945
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.005 -
Microbiology Spectrum Apr 2016Microbial endocrinology represents the intersection of two seemingly disparate fields, microbiology and neurobiology, and is based on the shared presence of... (Review)
Review
Microbial endocrinology represents the intersection of two seemingly disparate fields, microbiology and neurobiology, and is based on the shared presence of neurochemicals that are exactly the same in host as well as in the microorganism. The ability of microorganisms to not only respond to, but also produce, many of the same neurochemicals that are produced by the host, such as during periods of stress, has led to the introduction of this evolutionary-based mechanism which has a role in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. The consideration of microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms has demonstrated, for example, that the prevalent use of catecholamine-based synthetic drugs in the clinical setting contributes to the formation of biofilms in indwelling medical devices. Production of neurochemicals by microorganisms most often employs the same biosynthetic pathways as those utilized by the host, indicating that acquisition of host neurochemical-based signaling system in the host may have been acquired due to lateral gene transfer from microorganisms. That both host and microorganism produce and respond to the very same neurochemicals means that there is bidirectionality contained with the theoretical underpinnings of microbial endocrinology. This can be seen in the role of microbial endocrinology in the microbiota-gut-brain axis and its relevance to infectious disease. Such shared pathways argue for a role of microorganism-neurochemical interactions in infectious disease.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Communicable Diseases; Digestive System; Endocrinology; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Neurotransmitter Agents; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 27227308
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0021-2015 -
Marine Drugs Aug 2021Sea cucumbers are a class of marine invertebrates and a source of food and drug. Numerous microorganisms are associated with sea cucumbers. Seventy-eight genera of... (Review)
Review
Sea cucumbers are a class of marine invertebrates and a source of food and drug. Numerous microorganisms are associated with sea cucumbers. Seventy-eight genera of bacteria belonging to 47 families in four phyla, and 29 genera of fungi belonging to 24 families in the phylum Ascomycota have been cultured from sea cucumbers. Sea-cucumber-associated microorganisms produce diverse secondary metabolites with various biological activities, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial, enzyme-inhibiting, and antiangiogenic activities. In this review, we present the current list of the 145 natural products from microorganisms associated with sea cucumbers, which include primarily polyketides, as well as alkaloids and terpenoids. These results indicate the potential of the microorganisms associated with sea cucumbers as sources of bioactive natural products.
Topics: Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Biological Products; Fungi; Sea Cucumbers
PubMed: 34436300
DOI: 10.3390/md19080461 -
Journal of Microorganism Control 2023Various combination treatments are used for microorganism control in food, medicine, and the environment. Especially in food, combination treatments have been studied... (Review)
Review
Various combination treatments are used for microorganism control in food, medicine, and the environment. Especially in food, combination treatments have been studied using antimicrobial compounds in pasteurization and sterilization but comprehensive quantitative evaluation methods, have not yet been established to evaluate their effectiveness. This review introduces the author's recently published methods for evaluating the effects of combination treatments on the control of harmful microorganisms in food. Particularly important items are 1) the type of action of the control treatment and the mode of the combined method, 2) the choice of endpoint method and growth delay method for analytical evaluation, 3) the construction of extended isobolography that allows the application of conventional isobologram (IBo) for chemicals to various control methods, 4) the extended use of combined index (CI), and 5) the introduction of synergistic parameter (SP) for quantitative evaluation of synergistic effects. In addition, I describe the characteristics of the action of antimicrobial compounds and disinfectants in their combined effects with heating, and insist on the advantages of using combined treatments and their evaluation methods in the food industry.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Disinfectants; Sterilization; Pasteurization; Food Industry
PubMed: 38233171
DOI: 10.4265/jmc.28.4_201 -
Frontiers of Environmental Science &... 2022The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security. The... (Review)
Review
The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security. The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance. Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens, and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity, exposure risks, assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. Based on this consideration, this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus, spp., and by different sludge treatment technologies, including composting, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and microwave irradiation, and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed. Additionally, this study reviews the diversity, detection methods, and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.
PubMed: 34608423
DOI: 10.1007/s11783-021-1504-5 -
Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin Jul 2020Alpha-amylase reputes for starch modification by breaking of 1-4 glycosidic bands and is widely applied in different industrial sectors. Microorganisms express unique... (Review)
Review
Alpha-amylase reputes for starch modification by breaking of 1-4 glycosidic bands and is widely applied in different industrial sectors. Microorganisms express unique alpha-amylases with thermostable and halotolerant characteristics dependent on the microorganism's intrinsic features. Likewise, genetic engineering methods are applied to produce enzymes with higher stability in contrast to wild types. As there are widespread application of α-amylase in industry, optimization methods like RSM are used to improve the production of the enzyme ex vivo. This study aimed to review the latest researches on the production improvement and stability of α-amylase.
PubMed: 32665893
DOI: 10.34172/apb.2020.043