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Preventive Veterinary Medicine Oct 2023This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica profiles from three sampling sources cecal contents, HACCP (during processing), and retail...
Comparing individual antimicrobial resistant and multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica across serotypes, sampling sources, sampling periods, and food animal types in the United States (2014-2018).
This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica profiles from three sampling sources cecal contents, HACCP (during processing), and retail meat using phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility and serotype data gathered from 2014 and 2018. Antimicrobial resistance data for 29 major Salmonella serotypes from three sampling sources and associated food animal types (cattle, swine, chicken, and turkey) were obtained from the database of the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we compared individual and multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella enterica between the three sampling sources, food animal types, sampling period, and Salmonella serotypes. Across the three sources and throughout the sampling period, the recovery of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica - including MDR, MDR-AmpC, and ACSSuT - among food animal types were dependent on the sampling period and, in some cases, sampling sources and period for the selected antimicrobials. The predicted probability of antimicrobial resistance was greater in Salmonella serotypes from turkey compared to other food animal types, conditional on sampling sources. Ceftriaxone-resistant (OR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.69-0.99), and Sulfisoxazole-resistant (OR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.98) Salmonella serotypes were less likely to be recovered from the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) sources than with the cecal sources. Except for Salmonella serotypes Dublin and Newport, most of the Salmonella serotypes were less likely to be resistant to the selected antimicrobials, or found as MDR, compared to serotype Typhimurium. This study offers an integrated view on the predicted probability of MDR Salmonella serotypes, as well as insights into which serotypes are persistent, emerging or declining across sampling sources and food animal types in the United States.
PubMed: 37651892
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106008 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Pathogenic are among the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens on large-scale sheep farms in China. Antibiotic use in wool sheep production is a risk factor for...
Pathogenic are among the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens on large-scale sheep farms in China. Antibiotic use in wool sheep production is a risk factor for promoting the emergence of resistant . To reveal the differences of populations in sheep from different farming systems the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, biofilm formation, and phylogroups of 500 isolates obtained between September 2019 and December 2020 in northwest China from diarrheic infections of intensive farming and free-range sheep were analyzed. The antimicrobial susceptibility test for 12 classes of antimicrobial agents was determined using the broth microdilution susceptibility method, and PCR was used to detect the differences in virulence genes and phylogroups. Additionally, biofilm formation was determined using microtiter plate and slide agglutination methods. Among the 500 isolates, the majority of the isolates were multidrug resistant (75.4%) and carried at least one virulence gene (94.8%). We observed that 412 (82.4%), 360 (72.0%), and 266 (53.2%) are found to be resistant to sulfisoxazole, florfenicol, and tetracyclines, respectively. Resistance was also observed to mequindox (46.8%), ampicillin (43.6%), spectinomycin (38.6%), enrofloxacin (34.2%), ceftiofur (21.0%), gentamycin (20.4%), ceftazidime (17.8%), and polymyxin B (7.8%) but no resistance was found to meropenem. These results showed that strains from free-range subjects had fewer antibiotic resistance strains rather than sheep that were intensively farmed ( < 0.05). We observed fifteen virulence genes, of which ( = 401, 80.2%) is the most common. In addition, EAEC (86.4%) is dominant among free-range sheep and EHEC (80.1%) is dominant among intensive farming. Among all virulence genes, the strongest correlation was found between and gene ( < 0.001, OR = 455.68). Similarly, the strongest correlation was also found between and sulfisoxazole ( < 0.001, OR = 877). Furthermore, the majority of the isolates belonged to phylogroup B1 (50.6%), followed by phylogroup C (20.6%), A (7.4%), E (7.4%), D (5.8%), B2 (1.6%), and F (1%). Interestingly, phylogroup B2 and D were all distributed in intensive farms. In addition, 33 (6.6%), 373 (74.6%), and 94 (18.8%) showed moderate, weak, and no connection biofilm formation ability, respectively. These data uncovered that wool sheep serve as a reservoir of pathogenic harboring multiple resistance phenotypes and virulence genes. The overlapping virulence-associated traits between IPEC and ExPEC indicated the zoonotic potential and safety threats of sheep food products. It is urgent to improve the proper use of antimicrobials in China as well as other countries.
PubMed: 34394043
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.699927 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2023Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in foods has been associated with severe infections in humans and animals worldwide. In the present study, the...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in foods has been associated with severe infections in humans and animals worldwide. In the present study, the molecular characteristics of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and human-associated MRSA (hMRSA) isolates obtained in China, as well as MRSA isolates obtained from raw milk in 2018, were investigated. In total, 343 (20.38%; 343/1,683) S. aureus isolates were obtained from 1,683 raw milk samples from 100 dairy farms in 11 provinces across China. Among these, 49 (2.91%; 49/1,683) were -positive MRSA. All LA-MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin and highly resistant to erythromycin, sulfisoxazole, and clindamycin. Bioinformatic analysis the 49 genomes of LA-MRSA and 71 previously published hMRSA genomes isolated from Chinese individuals in 2018 indicated that , , , , (K), and were more prevalent in MRSA from raw milk (0.05) compared to hMRSA. Additionally, hMRSA isolates were more significantly associated with ST5 (0.01) compared to LA-MRSA; in contrast, ST338 was more prevalent among LA-MRSA isolates (0.01). Likewise, the SCC type II was only detected in hMRSA isolates, whereas SCC type V and IV were more prevalent among LA-MRSA (0.01). Furthermore, core-genome phylogenetic analysis showed the endemic characteristics of LA-MRSA in local provinces, as well as the close evolutionary relationships between MRSA from cattle and humans. Finally, homology analysis of and genetic contexts revealed a high possibility of horizontal transmission of MRSA resistance genes among raw milk-associated and hMRSA strains, which increases the risk for public health. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered a public health concern as it is resistant to multiple antibiotics, thus being in zoonotic transmission of antibiotic resistance genes. MRSA causes serious public health issues and leads to hard-to-treat infections in humans and animals; therefore, it was meaningful to determine the prevalence of MRSA in raw milk samples and investigate phenotype and genotype of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics in livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and human-associated MRSA (hMRSA) in China, which could provide a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the spread of MRSA between livestock and humans.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus aureus; Milk; Phylogeny; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 37260406
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00311-23 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Sep 2022This study aimed to identify tigecycline-resistant tet(X4)-bearing Escherichia fergusonii isolated from pigs in China with a complete genome sequence.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to identify tigecycline-resistant tet(X4)-bearing Escherichia fergusonii isolated from pigs in China with a complete genome sequence.
METHODS
E. fergusonii was isolated by selective medium and screened from tigecycline-supplemented agar plates. The microbroth dilution method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) results refer to the interpretation standard in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute of America (CLSI). Whole-genome sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiSeq and Nanopore GridION platforms. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes virulence genes and replicon types of plasmids were predicted by the CGE server.
RESULTS
E. fergusonii EF21QZZ116 was identified from 760 faecal and caecal content samples and was resistant to tigecycline, tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, spectinomycin, and florfenicol. The AMR genes tet(X4), bla, and floR are located on the hybrid IncFIA-IncHI1A-IncHI1B plasmid pQZZ166-tetX-190K and are 190 391 bp in length. This hybrid plasmid has high homology with the plasmids of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Salmonella based on comparison and analysis with the NCBI database. Notably, conjugative transfer and S1 nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (S1-PFGE) assays show that the plasmid can transfer horizontally.
CONCLUSION
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. fergusonii carrying the tet(X4) gene isolated from a pig; this report provides insight into the AMR characteristics of E. fergusonii and offers insight into public health.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Plasmids; Swine; Tigecycline
PubMed: 35793774
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.06.029 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Jun 2021The aim of this study was to explore the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis cases.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to explore the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis cases.
METHODS
A total of 125 non-duplicate S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Ningxia, China, were characterised by antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular testing to determine the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics.
RESULTS
All methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, gentamicin and clindamycin, with resistance to nine different categories of antibiotics observed amongst the MRSA isolates. Of the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, 62.1% were resistant to ampicillin and sulfisoxazole. Nine clonal complexes (CCs) and 16 spa types were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing. The dominant CCs were CC97 (51.2%) and CC50 (30.4%), while t224 (30.4%), t518 (20.0%) and t359 (16.8%) were the most common spa types. A relatively high proportion (27.2%) of the S. aureus isolates belonged to ST4053, a novel sequence type identified in this study. In addition, two CC30 MSSA isolates and two CC59 MRSA isolates were positive for Panton-Valentine leukocidin, while one CC239 MRSA isolate and three CC5 MSSA isolates were positive for TSST-1. All MRSA isolates carried the immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes, including scn (100%; 9/9) and sak (100%; 9/9), which were classified into type E.
CONCLUSION
Our study indicates severe antibiotic resistance and complicated molecular characterisation of S. aureus causing bovine mastitis. Additional studies should be conducted to monitor infection and transmission of S. aureus.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cattle; China; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 33866044
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.03.021 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022A total of 1,400 samples of food animals (pigs, chickens, and ducks) were collected between July and September 2019 in China to uncover the prevalence of and its...
A total of 1,400 samples of food animals (pigs, chickens, and ducks) were collected between July and September 2019 in China to uncover the prevalence of and its potential role in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). An isolation of was performed and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to uncover the genetic relationship. The AMR of isolates was comprehensively characterized using broth microdilution-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing, S1-PFGE, southern hybridization, whole-genome sequencing, and in-depth bioinformatics analysis. As a result, a total of 133 isolates were obtained. These isolates could be grouped into 41 PFGE subclades, suggesting a diverse genetic relationship. The resistance phenotypes of sulfafurazole (97.74%) and tetracycline (94.74%) were the most frequently found. Of the isolates, 51.88% were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive. Forty-three different AMR genes were revealed based on 25 genome sequences harboring Briefly, (6), (3'') and (A) genes were the most frequently observed, with the highest rate being 76.00% (19/25). Three -harboring plasmids were identified after Nanopore sequencing, including pTB31P1 (IncHI2-IncHI2A, 184,652 bp), pTB44P3 (IncI2, 62,882 bp), and pTB91P1 (IncHI2-IncHI2A, 255,882 bp). Additionally, 25 isolates harboring were clustered together with other isolates from different regions and sources available in GenBank, suggesting a possible random process of transmission in . In conclusion, is widespread in food animals in China and might be an important reservoir of AMR genes, especially and facilitate the evolution of AMR. , a member of the genus Escherichia, has been reported to transmit via the food chain and cause diseases in humans. However, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant , especially -positive isolates, has rarely been reported. Here, we collected 1,400 samples from food animals in three provinces of China and obtained 133 isolates (9.5%). We found that the prevalence of isolates was diverse, with high levels of antimicrobial resistance. Among them, 18.8% isolates carried the colistin resistance gene . Thus, may facilitate the evolution of colistin resistance as a reservoir of As far as we know, the prevalence and AMR of in the food animals in this study was first reported in China. These findings increase our understanding of the role of in public health and the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ducks; Escherichia; Escherichia coli Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Sulfisoxazole; Swine; Tetracycline
PubMed: 35138151
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01617-21 -
Microbiology Spectrum May 2024A total of 334 isolates were recovered from 6,223 pet rectal samples collected at 50 pet clinics, 42 pet shops, 7 residential areas, and 4 plazas. Forty serovars were...
A total of 334 isolates were recovered from 6,223 pet rectal samples collected at 50 pet clinics, 42 pet shops, 7 residential areas, and 4 plazas. Forty serovars were identified that included all strains except for one isolate that did not cluster via self-agglutination, with Typhimurium monophasic variant, Kentucky, Enteritidis, Pomona, and Give being the predominant serovars. Fifty-one sequence types were identified among the isolates, and ST198, ST11, ST19, ST451, ST34, and ST155 were the most common. The top four dominant antimicrobials to which isolates were resistant were sulfisoxazole, ampicillin, doxycycline, and tetracycline, and 217 isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The prevalence of β-lactamase genes in isolates was 59.6%, and among these isolates, 185 harbored , followed by (66) and (10). Moreover, six PMQR genes, namely, including (4.8%), (4.2%), (0.9%), (18.9%), (16.5%), and (1.5%), were detected. QRDR mutations (76.6%) were very common in isolates, with the most frequent mutation in (T57S) (47.3%). Furthermore, we detected six tetracycline resistance genes in 176 isolates, namely, (A) (39.5%), (B) (8.1%), (M) (7.7%), (D) (5.4%), (J) (3.3%), and (C) (1.8%), and three sulfonamide resistance genes in 303 isolates, namely, (84.4%), (31.1%), and (4.2%). Finally, we found 86 isolates simultaneously harboring four types of resistance genes that cotransferred 2-7 resistance genes to recipient bacteria. The frequent occurrence of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in dogs and cats, suggests that antibiotic misuse may be driving multidrug-resistant among pets.IMPORTANCEPet-associated human salmonellosis has been reported for many years, and antimicrobial resistance in pet-associated has become a serious public health problem and has attracted increasing attention. There are no reports of from pets and their antimicrobial resistance in Chongqing, China. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, serovar diversity, sequence types, and antimicrobial resistance of strains isolated from pet fecal samples in Chongqing. In addition, β-lactamase, QRDR, PMQR, tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes, and mutations in QRDRs in isolates were examined. Our findings demonstrated the diversity of serovars and sequence types of isolates. The isolates were widely resistant to antimicrobials, notably with a high proportion of multidrug-resistant strains, which highlights the potential direct or indirect transmission of multidrug-resistant from pets to humans. Furthermore, resistance genes were widely prevalent in the isolates, and most of the resistance genes were spread horizontally between strains.
PubMed: 38757951
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03542-23