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Drug and Chemical Toxicology Apr 2014Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) individually and a combination known as cotrimoxazole (SMX-TMP) are widely used for the treatment of protozoan and... (Review)
Review
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) individually and a combination known as cotrimoxazole (SMX-TMP) are widely used for the treatment of protozoan and bacterial infections. SMX-TMP is also one of the widely used antibiotics administered orally in neonates, along with gentamicin injection, for treating pneumonia and sepsis by home-based healthcare providers in Asian countries. Although the use of this drug has successfully reduced neonate mortality, there is a concern for it causing neurotoxicity. Previous clinical studies with sulfisoxazole have demonstrated occurrence of kernicterus in neonates. This sulfonamide is thought to displace bilirubin from its albumin-binding sites in plasma leading to an elevation of plasma bilirubin, which crosses the blood-brain barrier, reaches central neurons to cause kernicterus. We performed an extensive review of clinical and animal studies with cotrimoxazole, which showed no reported incidences of kernicterus with SMX-TMP use in neonates. EndNote, BasicBiosis, Embase, PubMed and Toxline database searches were conducted using specific keywords yielding 74 full-length articles relevant to the review. This review has taken into account various factors, including the disease itself, direct effects of the drug and its metabolism through conjugation and acetylation through a thorough review of the literature to examine the potentials of SMX-TMP to cause kernicterus in neonates. SMX-TMP in oral doses administered to neonates for 7-10 days is unlikely to cause kernicterus. Also, this review recommends warranting the need of future studies using animal models and clinical studies in humans to address SMX-TMP toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bilirubin; Blood-Brain Barrier; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal; Infant, Newborn; Kernicterus; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 24099411
DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.834349 -
Microbiology Spectrum May 2024A total of 334 isolates were recovered from 6,223 pet rectal samples collected at 50 pet clinics, 42 pet shops, 7 residential areas, and 4 plazas. Forty serovars were...
A total of 334 isolates were recovered from 6,223 pet rectal samples collected at 50 pet clinics, 42 pet shops, 7 residential areas, and 4 plazas. Forty serovars were identified that included all strains except for one isolate that did not cluster via self-agglutination, with Typhimurium monophasic variant, Kentucky, Enteritidis, Pomona, and Give being the predominant serovars. Fifty-one sequence types were identified among the isolates, and ST198, ST11, ST19, ST451, ST34, and ST155 were the most common. The top four dominant antimicrobials to which isolates were resistant were sulfisoxazole, ampicillin, doxycycline, and tetracycline, and 217 isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The prevalence of β-lactamase genes in isolates was 59.6%, and among these isolates, 185 harbored , followed by (66) and (10). Moreover, six PMQR genes, namely, including (4.8%), (4.2%), (0.9%), (18.9%), (16.5%), and (1.5%), were detected. QRDR mutations (76.6%) were very common in isolates, with the most frequent mutation in (T57S) (47.3%). Furthermore, we detected six tetracycline resistance genes in 176 isolates, namely, (A) (39.5%), (B) (8.1%), (M) (7.7%), (D) (5.4%), (J) (3.3%), and (C) (1.8%), and three sulfonamide resistance genes in 303 isolates, namely, (84.4%), (31.1%), and (4.2%). Finally, we found 86 isolates simultaneously harboring four types of resistance genes that cotransferred 2-7 resistance genes to recipient bacteria. The frequent occurrence of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in dogs and cats, suggests that antibiotic misuse may be driving multidrug-resistant among pets.IMPORTANCEPet-associated human salmonellosis has been reported for many years, and antimicrobial resistance in pet-associated has become a serious public health problem and has attracted increasing attention. There are no reports of from pets and their antimicrobial resistance in Chongqing, China. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, serovar diversity, sequence types, and antimicrobial resistance of strains isolated from pet fecal samples in Chongqing. In addition, β-lactamase, QRDR, PMQR, tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes, and mutations in QRDRs in isolates were examined. Our findings demonstrated the diversity of serovars and sequence types of isolates. The isolates were widely resistant to antimicrobials, notably with a high proportion of multidrug-resistant strains, which highlights the potential direct or indirect transmission of multidrug-resistant from pets to humans. Furthermore, resistance genes were widely prevalent in the isolates, and most of the resistance genes were spread horizontally between strains.
PubMed: 38757951
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03542-23 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Pathogenic are among the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens on large-scale sheep farms in China. Antibiotic use in wool sheep production is a risk factor for...
Pathogenic are among the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens on large-scale sheep farms in China. Antibiotic use in wool sheep production is a risk factor for promoting the emergence of resistant . To reveal the differences of populations in sheep from different farming systems the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, biofilm formation, and phylogroups of 500 isolates obtained between September 2019 and December 2020 in northwest China from diarrheic infections of intensive farming and free-range sheep were analyzed. The antimicrobial susceptibility test for 12 classes of antimicrobial agents was determined using the broth microdilution susceptibility method, and PCR was used to detect the differences in virulence genes and phylogroups. Additionally, biofilm formation was determined using microtiter plate and slide agglutination methods. Among the 500 isolates, the majority of the isolates were multidrug resistant (75.4%) and carried at least one virulence gene (94.8%). We observed that 412 (82.4%), 360 (72.0%), and 266 (53.2%) are found to be resistant to sulfisoxazole, florfenicol, and tetracyclines, respectively. Resistance was also observed to mequindox (46.8%), ampicillin (43.6%), spectinomycin (38.6%), enrofloxacin (34.2%), ceftiofur (21.0%), gentamycin (20.4%), ceftazidime (17.8%), and polymyxin B (7.8%) but no resistance was found to meropenem. These results showed that strains from free-range subjects had fewer antibiotic resistance strains rather than sheep that were intensively farmed ( < 0.05). We observed fifteen virulence genes, of which ( = 401, 80.2%) is the most common. In addition, EAEC (86.4%) is dominant among free-range sheep and EHEC (80.1%) is dominant among intensive farming. Among all virulence genes, the strongest correlation was found between and gene ( < 0.001, OR = 455.68). Similarly, the strongest correlation was also found between and sulfisoxazole ( < 0.001, OR = 877). Furthermore, the majority of the isolates belonged to phylogroup B1 (50.6%), followed by phylogroup C (20.6%), A (7.4%), E (7.4%), D (5.8%), B2 (1.6%), and F (1%). Interestingly, phylogroup B2 and D were all distributed in intensive farms. In addition, 33 (6.6%), 373 (74.6%), and 94 (18.8%) showed moderate, weak, and no connection biofilm formation ability, respectively. These data uncovered that wool sheep serve as a reservoir of pathogenic harboring multiple resistance phenotypes and virulence genes. The overlapping virulence-associated traits between IPEC and ExPEC indicated the zoonotic potential and safety threats of sheep food products. It is urgent to improve the proper use of antimicrobials in China as well as other countries.
PubMed: 34394043
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.699927 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Mar 2008The title compound, C(18)H(16)BrN(3)O(4)S, is a Schiff base ligand of 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde and sulfisoxazole [or N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazol)sulfanilamide]. The...
The title compound, C(18)H(16)BrN(3)O(4)S, is a Schiff base ligand of 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde and sulfisoxazole [or N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazol)sulfanilamide]. The present structure is a zwitterion and is a more precise reinterpretation of the structure which was originally reported by Hämäläinen, Lehtinen & Turpeinen [Arch. Pharm. (1986), 319, 415-420]. The two aromatic rings which make π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance 3.7538 (18) Å] through intermolecular interactions. There is also a C-Br⋯π inter-action [3.6333 (15) Å] with the heterocyclic ring. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond also exists. Dimers are formed due to inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding. Inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding links a methyl C atom and the phenolate O atom. The dimers are linked by C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, where the C atom is from the Schiff base group and the N atom is of five-membered heterocyclic ring.
PubMed: 21202110
DOI: 10.1107/S160053680800682X -
British Medical Journal May 1968
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Synergism; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Pyrimidines; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfisoxazole
PubMed: 5648994
DOI: No ID Found -
American Family Physician Feb 2000Urinary tract infections are common during pregnancy, and the most common causative organism is Escherichia coli. Asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to the development of... (Review)
Review
Urinary tract infections are common during pregnancy, and the most common causative organism is Escherichia coli. Asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to the development of cystitis or pyelonephritis. All pregnant women should be screened for bacteriuria and subsequently treated with antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin, sulfisoxazole or cephalexin. Ampicillin should no longer be used in the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria because of high rates of resistance. Pyelonephritis can be a life-threatening illness, with increased risk of perinatal and neonatal morbidity. Recurrent infections are common during pregnancy and require prophylactic treatment. Pregnant women with urinary group B streptococcal infection should be treated and should receive intrapartum prophylactic therapy.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Patient Education as Topic; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Teaching Materials; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 10695584
DOI: No ID Found -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2023Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in foods has been associated with severe infections in humans and animals worldwide. In the present study, the...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in foods has been associated with severe infections in humans and animals worldwide. In the present study, the molecular characteristics of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and human-associated MRSA (hMRSA) isolates obtained in China, as well as MRSA isolates obtained from raw milk in 2018, were investigated. In total, 343 (20.38%; 343/1,683) S. aureus isolates were obtained from 1,683 raw milk samples from 100 dairy farms in 11 provinces across China. Among these, 49 (2.91%; 49/1,683) were -positive MRSA. All LA-MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin and highly resistant to erythromycin, sulfisoxazole, and clindamycin. Bioinformatic analysis the 49 genomes of LA-MRSA and 71 previously published hMRSA genomes isolated from Chinese individuals in 2018 indicated that , , , , (K), and were more prevalent in MRSA from raw milk (0.05) compared to hMRSA. Additionally, hMRSA isolates were more significantly associated with ST5 (0.01) compared to LA-MRSA; in contrast, ST338 was more prevalent among LA-MRSA isolates (0.01). Likewise, the SCC type II was only detected in hMRSA isolates, whereas SCC type V and IV were more prevalent among LA-MRSA (0.01). Furthermore, core-genome phylogenetic analysis showed the endemic characteristics of LA-MRSA in local provinces, as well as the close evolutionary relationships between MRSA from cattle and humans. Finally, homology analysis of and genetic contexts revealed a high possibility of horizontal transmission of MRSA resistance genes among raw milk-associated and hMRSA strains, which increases the risk for public health. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered a public health concern as it is resistant to multiple antibiotics, thus being in zoonotic transmission of antibiotic resistance genes. MRSA causes serious public health issues and leads to hard-to-treat infections in humans and animals; therefore, it was meaningful to determine the prevalence of MRSA in raw milk samples and investigate phenotype and genotype of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics in livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and human-associated MRSA (hMRSA) in China, which could provide a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the spread of MRSA between livestock and humans.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus aureus; Milk; Phylogeny; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 37260406
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00311-23