-
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Mar 2008The title compound, C(18)H(16)BrN(3)O(4)S, is a Schiff base ligand of 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde and sulfisoxazole [or N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazol)sulfanilamide]. The...
The title compound, C(18)H(16)BrN(3)O(4)S, is a Schiff base ligand of 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde and sulfisoxazole [or N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazol)sulfanilamide]. The present structure is a zwitterion and is a more precise reinterpretation of the structure which was originally reported by Hämäläinen, Lehtinen & Turpeinen [Arch. Pharm. (1986), 319, 415-420]. The two aromatic rings which make π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance 3.7538 (18) Å] through intermolecular interactions. There is also a C-Br⋯π inter-action [3.6333 (15) Å] with the heterocyclic ring. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond also exists. Dimers are formed due to inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding. Inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding links a methyl C atom and the phenolate O atom. The dimers are linked by C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, where the C atom is from the Schiff base group and the N atom is of five-membered heterocyclic ring.
PubMed: 21202110
DOI: 10.1107/S160053680800682X -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Apr 2014Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) individually and a combination known as cotrimoxazole (SMX-TMP) are widely used for the treatment of protozoan and... (Review)
Review
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) individually and a combination known as cotrimoxazole (SMX-TMP) are widely used for the treatment of protozoan and bacterial infections. SMX-TMP is also one of the widely used antibiotics administered orally in neonates, along with gentamicin injection, for treating pneumonia and sepsis by home-based healthcare providers in Asian countries. Although the use of this drug has successfully reduced neonate mortality, there is a concern for it causing neurotoxicity. Previous clinical studies with sulfisoxazole have demonstrated occurrence of kernicterus in neonates. This sulfonamide is thought to displace bilirubin from its albumin-binding sites in plasma leading to an elevation of plasma bilirubin, which crosses the blood-brain barrier, reaches central neurons to cause kernicterus. We performed an extensive review of clinical and animal studies with cotrimoxazole, which showed no reported incidences of kernicterus with SMX-TMP use in neonates. EndNote, BasicBiosis, Embase, PubMed and Toxline database searches were conducted using specific keywords yielding 74 full-length articles relevant to the review. This review has taken into account various factors, including the disease itself, direct effects of the drug and its metabolism through conjugation and acetylation through a thorough review of the literature to examine the potentials of SMX-TMP to cause kernicterus in neonates. SMX-TMP in oral doses administered to neonates for 7-10 days is unlikely to cause kernicterus. Also, this review recommends warranting the need of future studies using animal models and clinical studies in humans to address SMX-TMP toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bilirubin; Blood-Brain Barrier; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal; Infant, Newborn; Kernicterus; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 24099411
DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.834349 -
British Medical Journal May 1968
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Synergism; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Pyrimidines; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfisoxazole
PubMed: 5648994
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Pathogenic are among the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens on large-scale sheep farms in China. Antibiotic use in wool sheep production is a risk factor for...
Pathogenic are among the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens on large-scale sheep farms in China. Antibiotic use in wool sheep production is a risk factor for promoting the emergence of resistant . To reveal the differences of populations in sheep from different farming systems the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, biofilm formation, and phylogroups of 500 isolates obtained between September 2019 and December 2020 in northwest China from diarrheic infections of intensive farming and free-range sheep were analyzed. The antimicrobial susceptibility test for 12 classes of antimicrobial agents was determined using the broth microdilution susceptibility method, and PCR was used to detect the differences in virulence genes and phylogroups. Additionally, biofilm formation was determined using microtiter plate and slide agglutination methods. Among the 500 isolates, the majority of the isolates were multidrug resistant (75.4%) and carried at least one virulence gene (94.8%). We observed that 412 (82.4%), 360 (72.0%), and 266 (53.2%) are found to be resistant to sulfisoxazole, florfenicol, and tetracyclines, respectively. Resistance was also observed to mequindox (46.8%), ampicillin (43.6%), spectinomycin (38.6%), enrofloxacin (34.2%), ceftiofur (21.0%), gentamycin (20.4%), ceftazidime (17.8%), and polymyxin B (7.8%) but no resistance was found to meropenem. These results showed that strains from free-range subjects had fewer antibiotic resistance strains rather than sheep that were intensively farmed ( < 0.05). We observed fifteen virulence genes, of which ( = 401, 80.2%) is the most common. In addition, EAEC (86.4%) is dominant among free-range sheep and EHEC (80.1%) is dominant among intensive farming. Among all virulence genes, the strongest correlation was found between and gene ( < 0.001, OR = 455.68). Similarly, the strongest correlation was also found between and sulfisoxazole ( < 0.001, OR = 877). Furthermore, the majority of the isolates belonged to phylogroup B1 (50.6%), followed by phylogroup C (20.6%), A (7.4%), E (7.4%), D (5.8%), B2 (1.6%), and F (1%). Interestingly, phylogroup B2 and D were all distributed in intensive farms. In addition, 33 (6.6%), 373 (74.6%), and 94 (18.8%) showed moderate, weak, and no connection biofilm formation ability, respectively. These data uncovered that wool sheep serve as a reservoir of pathogenic harboring multiple resistance phenotypes and virulence genes. The overlapping virulence-associated traits between IPEC and ExPEC indicated the zoonotic potential and safety threats of sheep food products. It is urgent to improve the proper use of antimicrobials in China as well as other countries.
PubMed: 34394043
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.699927 -
Veterinary World Dec 2022Domestic and wild animals are important reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to isolate from feces of domestic and wild animals at an...
Phylogenetic analysis and antibiotic resistance of isolated from wild and domestic animals at an agricultural land interface area of Salaphra wildlife sanctuary, Thailand.
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Domestic and wild animals are important reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to isolate from feces of domestic and wild animals at an agricultural land interface area of Salaphra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, and study the phylogenic characteristics and antibiotic resistance in these isolates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, we randomly collected ground feces from free-ranging wild animals (deer and elephants) and domestic animals (cattle and goats). All fecal samples were inoculated onto MacConkey agar plates, and lactose-fermenting colonies were identified as . Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect antibiotic resistance and virulence genes.
RESULTS
We obtained 362 isolates from the collected fecal samples. The isolates were categorized into four phylogenetic groups according to the virulence genes (, , and ). Phylogenetic Group D was predominant in the deer (41.67%) and elephants (63.29%), whereas phylogenetic Group B1 was predominant in the cattle (62.31%), and phylogenetic Groups A (36.36%) and B2 (33.33%) were predominant in the goats. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that most antibiotic-resistant were isolated from domestic goats (96.96%). Among the 362 isolates, 38 (10.5%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 21 (5.8%) were resistant to two antibiotics, and 6 (1.66%) were resistant to three or more antibiotics. Ampicillin (AMP) was the most common antibiotic (48.48%) to which the were resistant, followed by tetracycline (TET) (45.45%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (3.03%). One isolate from an elephant was resistant to five antibiotics: AMP, amoxicillin, sulfisoxazole, TET, and ciprofloxacin. Determination of antibiotic resistance genes confirmed that isolates carried antibiotic resistance genes associated with phenotypic resistance to antibiotics. Most antibiotic-resistant belonged to phylogenic Groups A and B1, and most non-resistant belonged to phylogenic Groups B2 and D.
CONCLUSION
Monitoring isolates from wild and domestic animals showed that all four phylogenic groups of have developed antibiotic resistance and are potential sources of multidrug resistance. High levels of antibiotic resistance have been linked to domestic animals. Our results support strengthening surveillance to monitor the emergence and effects of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in animals.
PubMed: 36718336
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2800-2809 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022Antibiotic resistance in is a global public health problem. serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- (. 1,4,[5],12:i:-), a monophasic variant of Typhmurium, is one of the leading... (Review)
Review
Antibiotic resistance in is a global public health problem. serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- (. 1,4,[5],12:i:-), a monophasic variant of Typhmurium, is one of the leading serovars in several countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance to this serovar in China through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nineteen eligible studies during 2011-2021 were included. A total of 4514 isolates from humans, animals, foods, and the environment were reported, which mainly concerned isolates found in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, and Shanghai. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled resistance rate of . 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Rates were found to be very high (values ≥ 75%) for tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin; high (50-75%) for nalidixic acid, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol; and moderate (25-50%) for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, trimethoprim, and gentamicin. The rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime, and colistin were low (values ≤ 25%), but of great concern in terms of their current clinical importance. Furthermore, a high multidrug resistance rate (86%, 95% CI: 78-92%) was present in . 1,4,[5],12:i:-, with the ASSuT pattern largely dominating. Subgroup analysis results showed that the high heterogeneity of resistance rates was not entirely dependent on isolated sources. Taken together, the severity of antibiotic resistance in . 1,4,[5],12:i:- urgently requires the rational use of antibiotics in future infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs.
PubMed: 35453283
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040532 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023This study investigated genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, phylogenic relatedness, plasmid and virulence composition of 39 strains isolated...
This study investigated genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, phylogenic relatedness, plasmid and virulence composition of 39 strains isolated from chicken meat samples using whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology. Four distinct serotypes were identified; Minnesota (16/39, 41%), Infantis (13/39, 33.3%), Enteritidis (9/39, 23.1%), and one isolate was detected for Kentucky (1/39, 2.6%), with sequence types (STs) as followed: ST548, ST32, ST11, and ST198, respectively. Phenotypic resistance to tetracycline (91.2%), ampicillin (82.4%), sulfisoxazole (64.7%), and nalidixic acid (61.6%) was the most observed. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes to aminoglycosides, β-lactamase, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, phenicol, lincosamide, macrolides, and tetracyclines. Plasmidome showed the presence of eight incompatibility groups, including IncA/C2, IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3, Col440I_1, IncR, IncX1, IncI1_1_Alpha, IncFIB(S)/IncFII(S), IncHI2/IncHI2A, IncX2 and ColpVC plasmids across the 39 genomes. Three resistance genes, and were predicted to be located on IncA/C2 plasmid in Minnesota isolates, whereas all Infantis isolates were positive to IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3 plasmid that carries gene. Eleven pathogenicity islands and up to 131 stress and/or virulence genes were identified in the evaluated genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed four phylogroups that were consistent with the identified ST profiles with a high level of inter-diversity between isolates. This is the first genomic characterization of isolates from retail chicken meat in Saudi Arabia using WGS technology. The availability of genomes from multiple geographic locations, including Saudi Arabia, would be highly beneficial in future source-tracking, especially during epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigations.
PubMed: 37065154
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1104164