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Preventive Veterinary Medicine Jan 2022Salmonella contamination of livestock feed is a serious veterinary and public health issue. In this study we used a systematic review to assess the prevalence and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Salmonella contamination of livestock feed is a serious veterinary and public health issue. In this study we used a systematic review to assess the prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolates detected in raw feed components, feed milling equipment and finished feed from 97 studies published from 1955 to 2020 across seven global regions. Eighty-five studies were included in a meta-analyses to estimate the combined prevalence of Salmonella detection and to compare the risk of contamination associated with different sample types. We found the overall combined prevalence estimate of Salmonella detection was 0.14 with a prevalence of 0.18 in raw feed components, 0.09 in finished feed and 0.08 in feed milling equipment. Animal based raw feed components were 3.9 times more likely to be contaminated with Salmonella than plant based raw feed components. Differences between studies accounted for 99 % of the variance in the prevalence estimate for all sample types and there was no effect of region on the prevalence estimates. The combined prevalence of Salmonella detection in raw feed components decreased from 0.25 in 1955 to 0.11 in 2019. The proportion of Salmonella isolates that were resistant to antimicrobials was largest for amikacin (0.20), tetracycline (0.18) streptomycin (0.17), cefotaxime (0.14) and sulfisoxazole (0.11). The prevalence of Salmonella contamination of animal feed varies widely between individual studies and is an ongoing challenge for the commercial feed industry. Control relies on the vigilant monitoring and control of Salmonella in each individual mill.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Livestock; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prevalence; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 34826732
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105546 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2024() is recognized as a zoonotic pathogen with an increasing threat to livestock and poultry. However, research on of animal origin remains limited. To address the gap,...
() is recognized as a zoonotic pathogen with an increasing threat to livestock and poultry. However, research on of animal origin remains limited. To address the gap, a comprehensive investigation was carried out by collecting a total of 311 samples from the farms of four animal species (dairy cow, chicken, sheep, and pig) in selected areas of Xinjiang, China. Isolates were identified by gene amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Genotyping of isolates was performed using typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was employed to identify virulence and resistance genes. An antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer method. The findings revealed an isolation of 62 strains, with an average isolation rate of 19.94%, with the highest proportion originating from cattle sources (33.33%). Over 85.00% of these isolates harbored six virulence genes ( and ); while more than 75.00% of isolates possessed four resistance genes (, and ). All isolates exhibited complete resistance to ampicillin and demonstrated substantial resistance to sulfisoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and enrofloxacin, with an antibiotic resistance rate of more than 50%. Furthermore, 48.39% (30/62) of isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, with a significantly higher isolation rate observed in the swine farms (66.67%) compared to other farms. Genetic characterization revealed the classification of the 62 isolates into 30 distinct allele types or 35 different sequence types (STs). Notably, we identified strains of dairy and swine origin belonging to the same ST42 and wzi33-KL64 types, as well as strains of dairy and chicken origin belonging to the same wzi31-KL31-K31 type. These findings emphasize the widespread occurrence of drug-resistant across diverse animal sources in Xinjiang, underscoring the high prevalence of multidrug resistance. Additionally, our results suggest the potential for animal-to-animal transmission of and there was a correlation between virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes. Moreover, the current study provides valuable data on the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity of originating from diverse animal sources in Xinjiang, China.
PubMed: 38791650
DOI: 10.3390/ani14101433 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing such as , are emerging as a serious threat to global health due to their rapid spread and their...
INTRODUCTION
The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing such as , are emerging as a serious threat to global health due to their rapid spread and their multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes. However, limited information is available regarding the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of ESBL- in the United States dairy farms. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and AMR pattern of ESBL- in East Tennessee dairy cattle farms.
METHODS
Rectal fecal samples from dairy cattle ( = 508) and manure ( = 30), water ( = 19), and feed samples ( = 15) were collected from 14 farms. The presumptive was isolated on CHROMagar™ ESBL and confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on the ESBL- isolates.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From 572 fecal and farm environmental samples, a total of 233 (41%, = 572) ESBL- were identified. The prevalence of fecal ESBL- was 47.5% (95% CI: 46.2-49.2). The within-farm prevalence of ESBL- ranged from 8 to 100%. Recent treatment history with third-generation cephalosporins (3GC), cow parity ≥3, and calves were the independent risk factors associated ( < 0.05) with fecal carriage of ESBL-. Overall, 99.6% ( = 231) ESBL- tested were phenotypically resistant to at least one of the 14 antimicrobial agents tested. The most common AMR phenotypes were against beta-lactam antibiotics, ampicillin (99.1%; = 231 isolates), and ceftriaxone (98.7%, = 231). Most ESBL- isolates (94.4%) were MDR (resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes), of which 42.6% showed co-resistance to at least six classes of antimicrobials. ESBL- isolates with concurrent resistance to ceftriaxone, ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, and chloramphenicol are widespread and detected in all the farms. The detection of MDR ESBL- suggests that dairy cattle can be a reservoir for these bacteria, highlighting the associated public health risk.
PubMed: 38239744
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1260433 -
Heliyon Sep 2022Water pollution that is caused by dyes, bacteria and antibiotics, has resulted in a threat to living organisms, animals and humans, hence there is a need to synthesize...
Water pollution that is caused by dyes, bacteria and antibiotics, has resulted in a threat to living organisms, animals and humans, hence there is a need to synthesize multifunctional materials that can be used for the degradation of various pollutants. The aim of this study was to synthesize Iron oxide (FeO) NPs and test this material for photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial activity. The synthesis of Iron oxide (FeO) NPs was conducted using extract and characterised using UV-vis, XRD, BET, SEM, EDS and TGA. The material was then tested for its photocatalytic and antibacterial efficiency against methylene blue dye, antibiotic sulfisoxazole and bacterial strains. XRD confirmed the formation of FeO NPs. UV-vis gave optical information whereby an excitation at 320 nm and a bandgap of 3.74 eV was noted. The deposition of the phytochemicals onto the FeO NPs was demonstrated using FTIR. From the surface analysis, the morphology of the synthesized NPs was found to be rod like and mesoporous. Upon testing for methylene blue degradation, the FeO NPs were more potent under basic conditions (pH 12) and the O radicals were found to be the species responsible for the degradation. Against sulfisoxazole, a 60% degradation was observed. Lastly, when testing these materials against bacterial strains found in tap, pond, river and sewage water, they were potent in particular against gram positive strains. These results show that at optimum conditions, these materials are able to degrade various pollutants in wastewater.
PubMed: 36105454
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10536 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Dec 2019Antibiotics used in animals may be found in food of animal origin and pose a risk to human health. The aim of this study was to screen for antibiotic residues in broiler...
Antibiotics used in animals may be found in food of animal origin and pose a risk to human health. The aim of this study was to screen for antibiotic residues in broiler chickens and milk. Two hundred and twenty-one samples were collected (71 samples of chicken breast meat, 117 samples of raw cow's milk and 33 samples of raw goat's milk). The chicken meat samples underwent a microbiological analysis, followed by a physical/chemical analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The milk samples were screened using a commercial microbiological test, followed by a further test for residues of beta-lactams and tetracyclines. For chicken meat, 32.39% of the samples were positive, with 56.52% of these samples containing aminoglycosides, 52.17% containing sulphonamides, 30.43% containing beta-lactams and/or tetracyclines and 21.73% containing macrolides. The concentrations of amoxicillin, penicillin G, erythromycin and sulfisoxazole exceeded the maximum residue limits laid down in European regulations in 28.57%, 85.71%, 80% and 91.66% of samples, respectively. The results of the test on milk showed that 12.6% of samples were contaminated by inhibiting substances. Betalactams and tetracyclines were present in 26.32% and 15.79% of the samples analysed, respectively. These results indicate that the contamination of chicken meat and milk is due to non-compliance with administration procedures and inappropiate use of antibiotics.
Topics: Algeria; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Chickens; Drug Residues; Female; Food Contamination; Humans; Meat; Milk
PubMed: 32286562
DOI: 10.20506/rst.38.3.3031 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Laccases are multicopper oxidases (MCOs) with a broad application spectrum, particularly in second-generation ethanol biotechnology and the bioremediation of xenobiotics...
Laccases are multicopper oxidases (MCOs) with a broad application spectrum, particularly in second-generation ethanol biotechnology and the bioremediation of xenobiotics and other highly recalcitrant compounds. Synthetic pesticides are xenobiotics with long environmental persistence, and the search for their effective bioremediation has mobilized the scientific community. Antibiotics, in turn, can pose severe risks for the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, as their frequent use for medical and veterinary purposes can generate constant selective pressure on the microbiota of urban and agricultural effluents. In the search for more efficient industrial processes, some bacterial laccases stand out for their tolerance to extreme physicochemical conditions and their fast generation cycles. Accordingly, to expand the range of effective approaches for the bioremediation of environmentally important compounds, the prospection of bacterial laccases was carried out from a custom genomic database. The best hit found in the genome of sp. CB10, a Bacteroidetes isolate obtained from a biomass-degrading bacterial consortium, was subjected to in silico prediction, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation analyses. The putative laccase CB10_180.4889 (Lac_CB10), composed of 728 amino acids, with theoretical molecular mass values of approximately 84 kDa and a pI of 6.51, was predicted to be a new CopA with three cupredoxin domains and four conserved motifs linking MCOs to copper sites that assist in catalytic reactions. Molecular docking studies revealed that Lac_CB10 had a high affinity for the molecules evaluated, and the affinity profiles with multiple catalytic pockets predicted the following order of decreasing thermodynamically favorable values: tetracycline (-8 kcal/mol) > ABTS (-6.9 kcal/mol) > sulfisoxazole (-6.7 kcal/mol) > benzidine (-6.4 kcal/mol) > trimethoprim (-6.1 kcal/mol) > 2,4-dichlorophenol (-5.9 kcal/mol) mol. Finally, the molecular dynamics analysis suggests that Lac_CB10 is more likely to be effective against sulfisoxazole-like compounds, as the sulfisoxazole-Lac_CB10 complex exhibited RMSD values lower than 0.2 nm, and sulfisoxazole remained bound to the binding site for the entire 100 ns evaluation period. These findings corroborate that LacCB10 has a high potential for the bioremediation of this molecule.
Topics: Laccase; Molecular Docking Simulation; Bacteroidetes; Biodegradation, Environmental; Sulfisoxazole; Xenobiotics; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Bacteria
PubMed: 37372934
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129785 -
Veterinary World Sep 2017Wild birds are considered silent vectors of some zoonotic water and food borne pathogens of public health significance. Owing to the importance of Shiga toxin producing...
AIM
Wild birds are considered silent vectors of some zoonotic water and food borne pathogens of public health significance. Owing to the importance of Shiga toxin producing (STEC) as the most pathogenic among the emerging diarrheagenic groups that can infect man; the present study was designed to detect the occurrence of STEC among wild birds in Egypt.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 177 intestinal content swab samples originating from five wild bird species were investigated for the presence of and STEC by standard culture methods. Suspect STEC isolates were further characterized by serotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD PCR), antimicrobial resistance pattern and PCR detection of , , and genes.
RESULTS
A total of 30 suspect STEC isolates from 30 positive birds' samples were detected and identified on STEC CHROMagar (semi-captive pigeons, 15; house crows, 8; cattle egrets, 3; moorhens, 2; and house teals, 2). 25 isolates were grouped into 13 serogroups (O:20, O:25, O:26, O:27, O:63, O:78, O:111, O:114, O:125, O:128, O:142, O:153, and O:158), while five were rough strains. The distribution of STEC virulence genes among wild birds was as follows: 16 birds carried gene only (nine pigeons [28.1%], six crows [7.1%], and one cattle egret [5.6%]). and genes together were detected in four birds (one cattle egret [5.6%], two moorhens [6.1%], and one house teal, [10%]). Only one pigeon (3.1%) possessed the three alleles. Disk diffusion test results showed that cefixime was the most effective against STEC serotypes with (93.3%) sensitivity, followed by gentamycin (56.7%), and amoxicillin (50%). On the other hand, all the recovered STEC isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, doxycycline, cephalothin, and sulfisoxazole. RAPD fingerprinting using primers OPA-2 and OPA-9 showed that STEC isolates were heterogeneous; they yielded 30 and 27 different clusters, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Wild birds carry STEC and may add to the contamination of the surrounding environment.
PubMed: 29062203
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1118-1128 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jun 2022Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, yet tools for detecting resistance patterns are limited and require advanced molecular methods....
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, yet tools for detecting resistance patterns are limited and require advanced molecular methods. Metabolomic approaches produce metabolite profiles and help provide scientific evidence of differences in metabolite expressions between Typhimurium from various hosts. This research aimed to evaluate the metabolomic profiles of Typhimurium associated with AMR and it compares profiles across various hosts. Three samples, each from bovine, porcine, and humans (total = 9), were selectively chosen from an existing library to compare these nine isolates cultured under no drug exposure to the same isolates cultured in the presence of the antimicrobial drug panel ACSSuT (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline). This was followed by metabolomic profiling using UPLC and GC-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the metabolite regulation was affected by antibiotic exposure, irrespective of the host species. When exposed to antibiotics, 59.69% and 40.31% of metabolites had increased and decreased expressions, respectively. The most significantly regulated metabolic pathway was aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, which demonstrated increased expressions of serine, aspartate, alanine, and citric acid. Metabolites that showed decreased expressions included glutamate and pyruvate. This pathway and associated metabolites have known AMR associations and could be targeted for new drug discoveries and diagnostic methods.
PubMed: 35739855
DOI: 10.3390/ani12121518 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Mar 2021Human infection by ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky sequence type 198 (ST198) has been reported in the USA, Europe and Korea. In this study,...
OBJECTIVES
Human infection by ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky sequence type 198 (ST198) has been reported in the USA, Europe and Korea. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of the first Salmonella Kentucky ST198 strain isolated from a chicken carcass in South Korea.
METHODS
The recovered Salmonella Kentucky, designated as K13SK002, was isolated from a chicken carcass in 2013. Genomic DNA was sequenced using a combination of 20-kb PacBio SMRTbell library and PacBio RS II. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were investigated in silico using ResFinder and VirulenceFinder tools, respectively, available at the Center for Genomic Epidemiology server.
RESULTS
The genome of K13SK002 consists of contiguous sequences (contigs) with a total length of 4 847 849 bp and a GC content of 52.20%. We detected a total of 4352 protein-coding sequences, 85 tRNA genes and 22 rRNA genes. MICs for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline were 64, 16, 16, 64, >256 and 128 μg/mL, respectively. We found six antimicrobial resistance genes, however no plasmids and genes associated with adherence, toxins and exoenzyme were found. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Kentucky K13SK002 was found to have mutations in DNA gyrase A (S83F and D87Y).
CONCLUSION
This is the first report of the complete genome sequence of a Salmonella Kentucky ST198 strain isolated from a chicken carcass in South Korea. This genome sequence provides useful information on the genomic features associated with virulence and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Kentucky ST198.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Europe; Humans; Kentucky; Republic of Korea; Salmonella
PubMed: 33545420
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.01.011 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022is considered an opportunistic pathogen and an indicator for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring. Despite many reports on its AMR monitoring, studies based on...
is considered an opportunistic pathogen and an indicator for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring. Despite many reports on its AMR monitoring, studies based on genome-based analysis of AMR genes are still insufficient. Here, 181 strains were isolated from anal swab samples collected from pigs and chickens of animal farms located in Eastern China and sequenced through the Illumina platform. The results showed that 87.85% (159/181) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Ampicillin (AMP)- spectinomycin (SPT)- tetracycline (TET)- florfenicol (FFC)- sulfisoxazole (SF)- trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) was the predominant AMR pattern. By whole-genome sequencing, we found that ST10 (10.49%, 19/181) and ST48 (7.18%, 13/181) were major sequence types. IncFIB and IncX1 were the most prevalent plasmid replicons. The AMR genes (1.10%, 2/181), -1 (1.10%, 2/181), (X4) (1.10%, 2/181), and (6.08%, 2/181) were also found in these isolates. In addition, among the 169 virulence genes detected, we identified A (37.02%, 67/181), A (1.66%, 3/181), B (1.66%, 3/181) and D (1.66%, 3/181), which were closely related to heat-stable enterotoxin 1 and α-hemolysin. In addition, there were 33 virulence genes associated with the iron uptake system, and 46 were adhesion-related genes. Our study highlighted the need for routine surveillance of AMR with advanced genomic approaches, providing up-to-date data on the prevalence of AMR for the development and execution of antimicrobial stewardship policy.
PubMed: 36353453
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018682