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Frontiers in Microbiology 2018Ground poultry is marketed as a healthier alternative to ground beef despite the fact that poultry is a major source of foodborne . The objectives of this study were to...
Ground poultry is marketed as a healthier alternative to ground beef despite the fact that poultry is a major source of foodborne . The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of in Oklahoma retail ground poultry and to characterize representative isolates by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance, PFGE patterns, and large plasmid profiling. A total of 199 retail ground poultry samples (150 ground turkey and 49 ground chicken) were investigated. The overall prevalence of in ground poultry was 41% (82/199), and the incidence in conventional samples (47%, 66/141) was higher than in organic samples (27%, 16/58). The prevalence of in organic ground chicken and organic ground turkey was 33% (3/9) and 26% (13/49), respectively. Twenty six isolates (19 conventional and 7 organic) were chosen for further characterization. The following six serotypes and number of isolates per serotype were identified as follows: Tennessee, 8; Saintpaul, 4; Senftenberg, 4; Anatum, 4 (one was Anatum_var._15+); Ouakam, 3; and Enteritidis, 3. Resistance to 16 tested antimicrobials was as follows: gentamycin, 100% (26/26); ceftiofur, 100% (26/26); amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 96% (25/26); streptomycin, 92% (24/26); kanamycin, 88% (23/26); ampicillin, 85% (22/26); cephalothin, 81% (21/26); tetracycline, 35% (9/26); sulfisoxazole, 27% (7/26); nalidixic acid, 15% (4/26); and cefoxitin, 15% (4/26). All isolates were susceptible to amikacin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. All screened isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and showed resistance to 4-10 antimicrobials; isolates from organic sources showed resistance to 5-7 antimicrobials. PFGE was successful in clustering the isolates into distinct clusters that each represented one serotype. PFGE was also used to investigate the presence of large plasmids using S1 nuclease digestion. A total of 8/26 (31%) isolates contained a ∼100 Kb plasmid that was present in all Anatum and Ouakam isolates. In conclusion, the presence of multidrug resistant with various serotypes, PFGE profiles, and large plasmids in ground poultry stresses the importance of seeking novel interventions to reduce the risk of this foodborne pathogen. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered a high additional risk and continued surveillance at the retail level could minimize the risk for the consumer.
PubMed: 30455678
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02653 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major concern worldwide. To evaluate the AMR of in aquaculture farms of Zhanjiang, China, a total of 90 samples from the...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major concern worldwide. To evaluate the AMR of in aquaculture farms of Zhanjiang, China, a total of 90 samples from the water, soil, and sediment of three aquaculture farms (farms I, II, and III) in Zhanjiang were collected, and 90 strains of were isolated for drug resistance analysis and AMR gene detection. The results indicated that the isolated 90 strains of have high resistance rates to penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, compound sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and rifampin (≥70%). Among these antimicrobial drugs, the resistance rate to rifampicin is as high as 100%. Among the isolated 90 strains of , all of them were resistant to more than two kinds of antimicrobial drugs, the number of strains resistant to nine kinds of drugs was the largest (19 strains), and the most resistant strain showed resistance to 16 kinds of antibacterial drugs. Regarding the AMR genes, among the three aquaculture farms, the most resistance genes were detected in farm II (28 species). The detection rate of , , , , and in 90 isolates of was high (≥50%). The detection rate of carbapenem-resistant genes, such as , , and , was relatively lower ( ≤ 30%), and the detection rate of was the lowest (0). At least four AMR genes were detected for each strain, and 15 AMR genes were detected at most. Among them, the number of strains that carried 10 AMR genes was the largest (15 strains). Finally, a correlation analysis found that the AMR genes including , , , and had a high correlation rate with drug resistance (≥50%). To summarize, the 90 strains of isolated from water, surrounding soil, and sediment samples showed resistance to multi-antimicrobial drugs and carried various antimicrobial resistance genes. Thus, it is essential to strengthen the rational use of antimicrobial drugs, especially the amide alcohol drugs, and control the AMR in the aquaculture industry of Zhanjiang, China.
PubMed: 35004933
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.806653 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in humans and an important cause of food-borne outbreaks in Europe. The...
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in humans and an important cause of food-borne outbreaks in Europe. The use of antimicrobial agents for animals, plants, and food production contributes to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains that are transmissible to humans through food. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and the potential dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains isolated in the Marche Region (Central Italy) via the food chain. Strains were isolated from different sources: food, human, food animal/livestock, and the food-processing environment. Among them, we selected MDR strains to perform their further characterization in terms of resistance to tetracycline agent, carriage of genes, and plasmid profiles. Tetracycline resistance genes were detected by PCR and plasmid replicons by PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT). A total of 102 MDR strains were selected among the most prevalent serovars: . Infantis (n = 36/102), . Derby (n = 20/102), . Typhimurium (n = 18/102), and a monophasic variant of . Typhimurium (MVST, n = 28/102). Resistance to sulfisoxazole (86%) and tetracycline (81%) were the most common, followed by ampicillin (76%). FIIS was the most predominant replicon (17%), followed by FII (11%) and FIB (11%) belonging to the IncF incompatibility group. Concerning the characterization of genes, B was the most frequently detected (27/89), followed by A (10/89), G (5/89), and M (1/89). This study showed the potential risk associated with the MDR strains circulating along the food chain. Hence, epidemiological surveillance supported by molecular typing could be a very useful tool to prevent transmission of resistant from food to humans, in line with the One Health approach.
PubMed: 35740132
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060725 -
Heliyon Aug 2020The present study is aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of three series of hydroxytriazenes based on sulfa drugs viz;...
The present study is aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of three series of hydroxytriazenes based on sulfa drugs viz; Sulphathiazole (ST), Sulfisoxazole (SF) and Sulphamethoxazole (SM). Antidiabetic activities of the synthesized hydroxytriazenes were investigated by α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition method and IC values were recorded. The compounds presented significant α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition effect with IC values ranging from 122 to 341 μg/mL. Anti-inflammatory activity was also investigated by carrageenan-induced paw edema (CPE) method, where % inhibition was up to 89% after 4 h of treatment and antioxidant properties of the similar compounds were assessed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Antioxidant capacity of all the hydroxytriazenes detected by ABTS assay, was significantly higher as compared to DPPH assay. The hydroxytriazenes having highest antioxidant capacity presented IC values for compound ST-1 and ST-6 are 488 μg/mL for DPPH, 54.12 μg/mL for ABTS and 858.5 μg/mL for DPPH, 48.0 μg/mL for ABTS, respectively. These results suggested that ABTS assay may be more useful than DPPH assay for synthetic antioxidants. The findings from the molecular docking experiments may also expand the formation of new potent sulpha drugs based hydroxytriazenes targeting towards the subunit of C-terminal of human maltase-glucoamylase for the treatment of diabetes metabolic disorder. Overall, highlight the multifunctional role of hydroxytriazenes as antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
PubMed: 32913908
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04787 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly...
Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly originated from the State of Arkansas over a six-year period (2003 to 2008) were studied. This period coincided with a rapid rise in the incidence of S. Javiana infections in the U.S. Children under the age of 10 displayed the highest prevalence of S. Javiana infections, regardless of sex or year of detection. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 different antimicrobials was assessed and 92% (n = 375) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials. Approximately 89% of the isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole alone and 3% (n = 11) were resistant to different antimicrobials, including gentamicin, ciprofloxacin or ceftiofur. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses assessed the genotypic diversity and distribution of S. Javiana strains using XbaI restriction. Nine major clusters were identified and isolates from each group were digested with the restriction enzyme AvrII. Isolates with identical profiles of XbaI and AvrII were found to be disseminated in human populations. These distinct “types” of S. Javiana were persistent in human populations for multiple years. A subset of isolates (n = 19) with unique resistance phenotypes underwent plasmid and incompatibility (Inc) type analyses and the isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial harbored multiple plasmids (<3 to 165 kb). Furthermore, these strains possessed 14 virulence genes, including pagC, cdtB, and iroN. The whole genome sequences (WGS) of 18 isolates that mostly originated from Arkansas from 2003 to 2011 were compared with isolates collected from different areas in the U.S. in 1999, indicating the perseverance of S. Javiana in disseminating antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.
PubMed: 36297250
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101192 -
Poultry Science Jan 2022One hundred and twenty chicken samples from feces (n = 80), the carcass surface at slaughter at 2 meat chicken farms (n = 20), and retail chicken meat from 5 markets...
Prevalence of qnrS-positive Escherichia coli from chicken in Thailand and possible co-selection of isolates with plasmids carrying qnrS and trimethoprim-resistance genes under farm use of trimethoprim.
One hundred and twenty chicken samples from feces (n = 80), the carcass surface at slaughter at 2 meat chicken farms (n = 20), and retail chicken meat from 5 markets (n = 20) collected during 2018 and 2019 were examined for the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) in Escherichia coli. We detected qnrS-positive E. coli in a total of 74 samples from feces (n = 59), the carcass surface (n = 7), and retail meat (n = 8). These 74 qnrS-positive isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of certain antimicrobials and genetically characterized. Ampicillin-resistance accounted for 71 of the 74 isolates (96%), followed by resistance to oxytetracycline (57/74; 77%), enrofloxacin (ERFX) (56/74; 76%), sulfisoxazole (SUL) (56/74; 76%), trimethoprim (TMP) (49/74; 66%), and dihydrostreptomycin (48/74; 65%). All farm-borne SUL- and TMP-resistant isolates except one were obtained from samples from farm A where a combination of sulfadiazine and TMP was administered to the chickens. Concentrations of ERFX at which 50 and 90% of isolates were inhibited were 2 μg/mL and 32 μg/mL, respectively. Diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of XbaI-digested genomic DNA were observed in the qnrS-positive isolates from fecal samples. Several isolates from feces and the carcass surface had identical XbaI-digested PFGE patterns. S1-nuclease PFGE and Southern blot analysis demonstrated that 7 of 11 dfrA13-positive fecal isolates carried both the qnrS and dfrA13 genes on the same plasmid, and 2 of 3 dfrA1-positive isolates similarly carried both qnrS and dfrA1 on the same plasmid, although the PFGE patterns of XbaI-digested genomic DNA of the isolates were different. These results suggest that the qnrS gene is prevalent in chicken farms via horizontal transfer of plasmids and may partly be co-selected under the use of TMP.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Farms; Plasmids; Prevalence; Thailand; Trimethoprim
PubMed: 34788713
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101538 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Feb 2024To examine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal fecal from extensively managed beef calves and cows in western Canada and describe the differences among cows and...
OBJECTIVE
To examine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal fecal from extensively managed beef calves and cows in western Canada and describe the differences among cows and calves in the spring and fall.
ANIMAL
Beef cattle, cow-calf.
PROCEDURE
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on generic isolates collected from 388 calves and 387 cows from 39 herds following calving in 2021, 419 calves from 39 herds near weaning, and 357 cows from 36 herds at pregnancy testing. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured with the NARMS CMV5AGNF plate for Gram-negative bacteria and interpreted using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standard breakpoints for humans.
RESULTS
Only 16% (242/1551) of all isolates from 97% (38/39) of herds were resistant to ≥ 1 antimicrobial. Generic isolates were most commonly resistant to sulfisoxazole (11%, 175/1551), followed by tetracycline (9.3%, 145/1551) and chloramphenicol (3.5%, 55/1551). Isolates from calves in the spring were more likely to be resistant to sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol than those from cows in the spring or calves in the fall. Multiclass-resistant isolates were identified in 5% (39/807) of calves. Only 2 isolates recovered from cows were resistant to antimicrobials of very high importance for human health.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Most generic isolates were pansusceptible. The observed resistance patterns were consistent with earlier studies of AMR from commensal in this region. Baseline AMR data for cow-calf herds are not currently collected as part of routine surveillance, but are essential to inform antimicrobial use policy and stewardship.
Topics: Female; Humans; Animals; Cattle; Escherichia coli; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli Infections; Sulfisoxazole; Canada; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Cattle Diseases; Anti-Infective Agents; Chloramphenicol; Tetracycline
PubMed: 38304484
DOI: No ID Found -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Apr 2023Several studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized horses, but studies conducted on...
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from equids sampled in the NAHMS 2015-16 equine study and association of management factors with resistance.
Several studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized horses, but studies conducted on community-based populations of equids are limited. The factors associated with AMR in these bacteria in the general horse population are not well understood. The primary objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and describe antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and E. coli from equids across the United States. The second objective was to identify associations between health management and biosecurity practices and AMR. Fecal samples submitted from 1357 equids on 199 operations were tested for Salmonella, identifying 27 positive samples with 29 isolates belonging to 18 serotypes. Fecal sample and operation-level prevalence of Salmonella was 2.0% (27/1357) and 7.0% (14/199), respectively. Most (25/29) isolates were pan-susceptible while four isolates exhibited resistance, three of which were multidrug resistant. Of the 721 samples cultured for E. coli, 85% (613/721) were positive. Eighty-six percent of the E. coli isolates recovered were pan-susceptible (529/612). Ten isolates were intermediate to one antimicrobial drug and susceptible to all others. Seventy-three E. coli isolates (11.9%, SE=1.3) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, corresponding to a 33.0% (64/194) operation-level prevalence. Resistance to sulfonamide drugs was most common with 63 isolates (10.3%) resistant to sulfisoxazole, 57 of which (9.3%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. MDR in E. coli was rare (1.8%, SE=0.5). Univariate and multivariable regression were used to evaluate associations between health management and biosecurity questionnaire items and AMR in E. coli. The outcome modeled was resistance to any of the 14 tested antimicrobials. Depending on the operation type, operations with greater than 20 resident equids were significantly associated with resistance. In addition, performance operations were significantly associated with resistance when compared to farm/ranch operations. Operations with feed containers that prevent fecal contamination and those that had treated any equids for illness or injury were associated with a lower AMR. The study results suggest that equids in the general population appear to pose low risk of shedding antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella and E. coli, and therefore low transmission potential to other equids, animals, humans, or the environment. However, it is prudent to practice good hand hygiene to prevent spread of Salmonella as well as AMR, and to protect both animal and human health. Despite study limitations, potential management factors that may influence prevalence and prevent spread of AMR shed by equids were identified.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Humans; Escherichia coli; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Salmonella; Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial
PubMed: 36773374
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105857 -
Microorganisms May 2021Antimicrobial resistance associated with the spread of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes conferring resistance to third generation...
Antimicrobial resistance associated with the spread of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes conferring resistance to third generation cephalosporins is increasing worldwide. However, data on the population of ESBL producing in different animal sources and their antimicrobial characteristics are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential reservoirs of ESBL-encoded genes in isolated from swine, beef, dairy, and poultry collected from different regions of the United States using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Three hundred isolates were typed into different phylogroups, characterized by BOX AIR-1 PCR and tested for resistance to antimicrobials. Of the 300 isolates, 59.7% were resistant to sulfisoxazole, 49.3% to tetracycline, 32.3% to cephalothin, 22.3% to ampicillin, 20% to streptomycin, 16% to ticarcillin; resistance to the remaining 12 antimicrobials was less than 10%. Phylogroups A and B1 were most prevalent with A ( = 92, 30%) and B1 (87 = 29%). A total of nine isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers by double-disk synergy testing and multidrug resistant (MDR) to at least three antimicrobial drug classes. Using WGS, significantly higher numbers of ESBL- were detected in swine and dairy manure than from any other animal sources, suggesting that these may be the primary animal sources for ESBL producing . These isolates carry plasmids, such as IncFIA(B), IncFII, IncX1, IncX4, IncQ1, CollRNAI, Col440I, and acquired ARGs (6)-Id, (3″)-Ib, A5, (3')-Ia, , , A, B, A1, 1, 2, B, A17. One of the isolates from swine with ST 410 was resistant to nine antibiotics and carried more than 28 virulence factors, and this ST has been shown to belong to an international high-risk clone. Our data suggests that ESBL producing are widely distributed in different animal sources, but swine and dairy cattle may be their main reservoir.
PubMed: 34068339
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051057 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2021Antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes of collected ser. Gallinarum isolates were investigated to examine the epidemiological...
Antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes of collected ser. Gallinarum isolates were investigated to examine the epidemiological relationship between field outbreak isolates of ser. Gallinarum. Thirty ser. Gallinarum isolates collected from poultry farms with FT outbreaks from 2013 to 2018 in South Korea were analyzed. All isolates were resistant to at least 3 of the 18 antimicrobials tested and exhibited an MDR phenotype. All isolates showed resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and colistin. One isolate was resistant to 9 antimicrobials. The antimicrobial resistance profile, streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-colistin-nalidixic acid-ciprofloxacin-gentamicin (18/30, 60.0%), was the most prevalent. PFGE types were classified into 10 groups with a 100% correlation cutoff in dendrograms for 30 field isolates. The dominant PFGE types were 1 (8/30, 26.7%), 4 (7/30, 23.3%), and 9 (5/30, 16.7%). Interestingly some isolates collected from the same and different companies had the same PFGE type. We reported a high MDR rate in ser. Gallinarum isolates. The present study highlights the occurrence of horizontal spread and cyclic contamination of MDR ser. Gallinarum within the same company. Furthermore, we showed cross-contamination between different companies. The characterization of these isolates would be helpful in the development of prevention and control strategies for MDR ser. Gallinarum infection in South Korea.
PubMed: 35011189
DOI: 10.3390/ani12010083