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Poultry Science Jul 2021The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and genotypic analyses of the dominating serovars of Salmonella in...
Clonal dissemination of Salmonella enterica serovar albany with concurrent resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid in broiler chicken in Korea.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and genotypic analyses of the dominating serovars of Salmonella in chickens from a national study in Korea. Between 2017 and 2018, a total of 550 chicken samples were collected from the top 12 integrated broiler chicken operations in Korea. Salmonella was isolated from 117 (32.5%) chicken feces and 19 (10.0%) retail chicken meat sources. Ten serovars were identified, and the most common Salmonella serovar was Salmonella ser. Albany (50 isolates, 36.8%), followed by S. Enteritidis (38 isolates, 27.9%), and S. Montevideo (23 isolates, 16.9%) isolated from 6, 10, and 6 operations, respectively. A total of 35 (25.7%) isolates were with the ACSSuTN (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid) resistance pattern, with high prevalence of this resistance pattern in S. Albany (29 isolates, 58.0%). A total of 35 PFGE types were identified among Salmonella isolates of the serovars Albany, Enteritidis, Virchow, Montevideo, and Senftenberg, while 11 distinct types of PFGE patterns were found among S. Albany isolates, which showed an overall homology similarity of higher than 85%. Among these 35 PFGE types, 22 PFGE types corresponded to 32 isolates from samples limited to one operation, and the other 13 PFGE types corresponded to 72 isolates from samples widely distributed among different operations. These results highlighted rapid colony dissemination of multidrug-resistant S. Albany in chicken all over Korea after it first appeared in 2016; furthermore, the spread of Salmonella colonies between various integrated operations was common, and several operations played an important role in Salmonella carriage and transmission in Korea.
Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Republic of Korea; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline
PubMed: 34089935
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101141 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2018Members of the genus are found in diverse environments from marine, freshwaters, permafrost to hot springs. can grow in a wide range of temperature, pH, salinity, and...
The Complete Genome and Physiological Analysis of the Eurythermal Firmicute Strain RW2 Isolated From a Freshwater Microbialite, Widely Adaptable to Broad Thermal, pH, and Salinity Ranges.
Members of the genus are found in diverse environments from marine, freshwaters, permafrost to hot springs. can grow in a wide range of temperature, pH, salinity, and heavy-metal concentrations. We characterized strain RW2 isolated from a permanently cold freshwater microbialite in Pavilion Lake, British Columbia using metabolic assays, genomics, comparative genomics, phylogenetics, and fatty acid composition. Strain RW2 has the most extensive growth range for temperature (4-50°C) and pH (5-11) of known isolates. Strain RW2 genome predicts pathways for wide differential thermal, cold and osmotic stress using cold and heat shock cascades (e.g., and ), choline and betaine uptake/biosynthesis (e.g., and ), antiporters (e.g., and Na/K), membrane fatty acid unsaturation and saturation. Here, we provide the first complete genome from strain RW2, which was isolated from a freshwater microbialite. Its genome consists of a single 3,019,018 bp circular chromosome encoding over 3,000 predicted proteins, with a GC% content of 52.1%, and no plasmids. In addition to growing at a wide range of temperatures and salinities, our findings indicate that RW2 is resistant to sulfisoxazole and has the genomic potential for detoxification of heavy metals (via mercuric reductases, arsenic resistance pumps, chromate transporters, and cadmium-cobalt-zinc resistance genes), which may contribute to the metabolic potential of Pavilion Lake microbialites. Strain RW2 could also contribute to microbialite formation, as it is a robust biofilm former and encodes genes involved in the deamination of amino acids to ammonia (i.e., L-asparaginase/urease), which could potentially boost carbonate precipitation by lowering the local pH and increasing alkalinity. We also used comparative genomic analysis to predict the pathway for orange pigmentation that is conserved across the entire genus, specifically, a C carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is predicted to yield diaponeurosporene-4-oic acid as its final product. Carotenoids have been found to protect against ultraviolet radiation by quenching reactive oxygen, releasing excessive light energy, radical scavenging, and sunscreening. Together these results provide further insight into the potential of to exploit a wide range of environmental conditions, its potential roles in ecosystems (e.g., microbialites/microbial mats), and a blueprint model for diverse metabolic processes.
PubMed: 30671032
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03189 -
Epidemiology and Infection Oct 2016A total of 1145 samples were collected from chicken breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, a slaughterhouse and retail refrigerated chicken stores in an integrated...
A total of 1145 samples were collected from chicken breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, a slaughterhouse and retail refrigerated chicken stores in an integrated broiler supply chain in Guangdong Province, China, in 2013. One-hundred and two Salmonella enterica strains were isolated and subjected to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence profile determination and molecular subtyping by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The contamination rates in samples from breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, the slaughterhouse and retail stores were 1·46%, 4·31%, 7·00%, 62·86% and 54·67%, respectively. The isolated strains of S. enterica belonged to 10 serotypes; most of them were S. Weltevreden (46·08%, 47/102) and S. Agona (18·63%, 19/102). Isolates were frequently resistant to streptomycin (38·2%), tetracycline (36·3%), sulfisoxazole (35·3%) and gentamicin (34·3%); 31·4% of isolates were multidrug resistant. The isolates were screened for 10 virulence factors. The Salmonella pathogenicity island genes avrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, and sopB and the fimbrial gene bcfC were present in 100% of the strains. PFGE genotyping of the 102 S. enterica isolates yielded 24 PFGE types at an 85% similarity threshold. The PFGE patterns show that the genotypes of S. enterica in the production chain are very diverse, but some strains have 100% similarity in different parts of the production chain, which indicates that some S. enterica persist throughout the broiler supply chain.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; China; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Genomic Islands; Genotype; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup
PubMed: 27443305
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268816001515 -
BioMed Research International 2021Nontyphoidal (NTS) is one of the major causes of bacterial foodborne infection. It is mainly manifested by self-limiting gastroenteritis in healthy individuals but can...
Nontyphoidal (NTS) is one of the major causes of bacterial foodborne infection. It is mainly manifested by self-limiting gastroenteritis in healthy individuals but can also cause severe complications including blood stream infection and mortality. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of is becoming a global public health concern. This study is aimed at estimating the prevalence of , identifying serotypes involved, and investigating antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates among diarrheic patients attending private hospitals in Addis Ababa. We collected a total of 298 stool samples from diarrheic patients attending five private hospitals in Addis Ababa and isolated according to standard microbiological techniques; the isolates were serotyped using slide agglutination and microplate agglutination techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolates was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Fourteen stool samples (4.7%) were positive for , and Kiambu was the most dominant serovar ( = 7, 50%) followed by . Saintpaul ( = 4, 28.6%) and Haifa ( = 2, 14.3%). Three (21.4%) of the isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole and tetracycline each and 2 (14.3%) to ampicillin. Resistance to two antimicrobials was detected only in 2 (14.3%) of the isolates, and none of the isolates were resistant to more than two antimicrobials. In conclusion, the current study showed low prevalence of NTS in diarrheic patients attending private hospitals in Addis Ababa. Although multidrug resistance to several antimicrobials was not detected in the isolates, prudent use of antimicrobials is recommended to guaranty the long-term use of the available antimicrobials.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Behavior; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Ethiopia; Female; Hospitals, Private; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Salmonella; Young Adult
PubMed: 34589548
DOI: 10.1155/2021/6177741 -
Journal of Food Protection Jan 2024Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends in 114 generic Escherichia coli isolated from channel catfish and related fish species were investigated in this study. Of these,...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends in 114 generic Escherichia coli isolated from channel catfish and related fish species were investigated in this study. Of these, 45 isolates were from commercial-sized channel catfish harvested from fishponds in Alabama, while 69 isolates were from Siluriformes products, accessed from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service' (FSIS) National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) program. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed using the GenomeTrakr protocol. Upon analysis, the fishpond isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (44%), meropenem (7%) and azithromycin (4%). The FSIS NARMS isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (31.9%), chloramphenicol (20.3%), sulfisoxazole (17.4%), ampicillin (5.8%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, azithromycin and cefoxitin below 5% each. There was no correlation between genotypic and phenotypic resistance in the fishpond isolates, however, there was in NARMS isolates for folate pathway antagonists: Sulfisoxazole vs. sul1 and sul2 (p = 0.0042 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs. dfrA16 and sul1 (p = 0.0290 and p = 0.013, respectively). Furthermore, correlations were found for tetracyclines: Tetracycline vs. tet(A) and tet(B) (p < 0.0001 each), macrolides: Azithromycin vs. mph(E) and msr(E) (p = 0.0145 each), phenicols: Chloramphenicol vs. mdtM (p < 0.0001), quinolones: Nalidixic acid vs. gyrA_S83L=POINT (p = 0.0004), and β-lactams: Ampicillin vs. blaTEM-1 (p < 0.0001). Overall, we recorded differences in antimicrobial susceptibility testing profiles, phenotypic-genotypic concordance, and resistance to critically important antimicrobials, which may be a public health concern.
Topics: Animals; Escherichia coli; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ictaluridae; Azithromycin; Tetracycline; Nalidixic Acid; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Sulfisoxazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol
PubMed: 37949412
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100192 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2018Ground poultry is marketed as a healthier alternative to ground beef despite the fact that poultry is a major source of foodborne . The objectives of this study were to...
Ground poultry is marketed as a healthier alternative to ground beef despite the fact that poultry is a major source of foodborne . The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of in Oklahoma retail ground poultry and to characterize representative isolates by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance, PFGE patterns, and large plasmid profiling. A total of 199 retail ground poultry samples (150 ground turkey and 49 ground chicken) were investigated. The overall prevalence of in ground poultry was 41% (82/199), and the incidence in conventional samples (47%, 66/141) was higher than in organic samples (27%, 16/58). The prevalence of in organic ground chicken and organic ground turkey was 33% (3/9) and 26% (13/49), respectively. Twenty six isolates (19 conventional and 7 organic) were chosen for further characterization. The following six serotypes and number of isolates per serotype were identified as follows: Tennessee, 8; Saintpaul, 4; Senftenberg, 4; Anatum, 4 (one was Anatum_var._15+); Ouakam, 3; and Enteritidis, 3. Resistance to 16 tested antimicrobials was as follows: gentamycin, 100% (26/26); ceftiofur, 100% (26/26); amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 96% (25/26); streptomycin, 92% (24/26); kanamycin, 88% (23/26); ampicillin, 85% (22/26); cephalothin, 81% (21/26); tetracycline, 35% (9/26); sulfisoxazole, 27% (7/26); nalidixic acid, 15% (4/26); and cefoxitin, 15% (4/26). All isolates were susceptible to amikacin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. All screened isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and showed resistance to 4-10 antimicrobials; isolates from organic sources showed resistance to 5-7 antimicrobials. PFGE was successful in clustering the isolates into distinct clusters that each represented one serotype. PFGE was also used to investigate the presence of large plasmids using S1 nuclease digestion. A total of 8/26 (31%) isolates contained a ∼100 Kb plasmid that was present in all Anatum and Ouakam isolates. In conclusion, the presence of multidrug resistant with various serotypes, PFGE profiles, and large plasmids in ground poultry stresses the importance of seeking novel interventions to reduce the risk of this foodborne pathogen. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered a high additional risk and continued surveillance at the retail level could minimize the risk for the consumer.
PubMed: 30455678
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02653 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2017The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of 96 clinical isolates of , an important porcine respiratory...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of 96 clinical isolates of , an important porcine respiratory pathogen, and the identification of AMR genes in whole genome sequence (wgs) data. Susceptibility of the isolates to nine antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, tilmicosin, trimethoprim, and tylosin) was determined by agar dilution susceptibility test. Except for the macrolides tested, elevated MICs were highly correlated to the presence of AMR genes identified in wgs data using ResFinder or BLASTn. Of the isolates tested, 57% were resistant to tetracycline [MIC ≥ 4 mg/L; 94.8% with either (B) or (H)]; 48% to sulfisoxazole (MIC ≥ 256 mg/L or DD = 6; 100% with ), 20% to ampicillin (MIC ≥ 4 mg/L; 100% with ), 17% to trimethoprim (MIC ≥ 32 mg/L; 100% with ), and 6% to enrofloxacin (MIC ≥ 0.25 mg/L; 100% with GyrAS83F). Only 33% of the isolates did not have detectable AMR genes, and were sensitive by MICs for the antimicrobial agents tested. Although 23 isolates had MIC ≥ 32 mg/L for tylosin, all isolates had MIC ≤ 16 mg/L for both erythromycin and tilmicosin, and no macrolide resistance genes or known point mutations were detected. Other than the GyrAS83F mutation, the AMR genes detected were mapped to potential plasmids. In addition to presence on plasmid(s), the (B) gene was also found chromosomally either as part of a 56 kb integrative conjugative element (ICE) in 21, or as part of a Tn insertion in 15 isolates. Our results indicate that, with the exception of macrolides, wgs data can be used to accurately predict resistance of to the tested antimicrobial agents and provides added value for routine surveillance.
PubMed: 28321207
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00311 -
Microorganisms May 2021Antimicrobial resistance associated with the spread of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes conferring resistance to third generation...
Antimicrobial resistance associated with the spread of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes conferring resistance to third generation cephalosporins is increasing worldwide. However, data on the population of ESBL producing in different animal sources and their antimicrobial characteristics are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential reservoirs of ESBL-encoded genes in isolated from swine, beef, dairy, and poultry collected from different regions of the United States using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Three hundred isolates were typed into different phylogroups, characterized by BOX AIR-1 PCR and tested for resistance to antimicrobials. Of the 300 isolates, 59.7% were resistant to sulfisoxazole, 49.3% to tetracycline, 32.3% to cephalothin, 22.3% to ampicillin, 20% to streptomycin, 16% to ticarcillin; resistance to the remaining 12 antimicrobials was less than 10%. Phylogroups A and B1 were most prevalent with A ( = 92, 30%) and B1 (87 = 29%). A total of nine isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers by double-disk synergy testing and multidrug resistant (MDR) to at least three antimicrobial drug classes. Using WGS, significantly higher numbers of ESBL- were detected in swine and dairy manure than from any other animal sources, suggesting that these may be the primary animal sources for ESBL producing . These isolates carry plasmids, such as IncFIA(B), IncFII, IncX1, IncX4, IncQ1, CollRNAI, Col440I, and acquired ARGs (6)-Id, (3″)-Ib, A5, (3')-Ia, , , A, B, A1, 1, 2, B, A17. One of the isolates from swine with ST 410 was resistant to nine antibiotics and carried more than 28 virulence factors, and this ST has been shown to belong to an international high-risk clone. Our data suggests that ESBL producing are widely distributed in different animal sources, but swine and dairy cattle may be their main reservoir.
PubMed: 34068339
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051057 -
BMC Microbiology Feb 2016Salmonellae are major worldwide zoonotic pathogens infecting a wide range of vertebrate species including humans. Consumption of contaminated dairy products and contact...
BACKGROUND
Salmonellae are major worldwide zoonotic pathogens infecting a wide range of vertebrate species including humans. Consumption of contaminated dairy products and contact with dairy cattle represent a common source of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection in humans. Despite a large number of small-scale dairy farms in Addis Ababa and its surrounding districts, little is known about the status of Salmonella in these farms.
RESULTS
Salmonella was recovered from the feces of at least one animal in 7.6% (10/132) of the dairy farms. Out of 1203 fecal samples examined, 30 were positive for Salmonella resulting in a weighted animal level prevalence of 2.3%. Detection of diarrhea in an animal and in a farm was significantly associated with animal level (p = 0.012) and herd level (p < 0.001) prevalence of Salmonella. Animal level prevalence of Salmonella was significantly associated with age (p = 0.023) and study location; it was highest among those under 6 months of age and in farms from Adaa district and Addis Ababa (p < 0.001). Nine different serotypes were identified using standard serological agglutination tests. The most frequently recovered serotypes were Salmonella Typhimurium (23.3%), S. Saintpaul (20%), S. Kentucky (16.7%) and S. Virchow (16.7%). All isolates were resistant or intermediately resistant to at least one of the 18 drugs tested. Twenty-six (86.7%), 19 (63.3 %), 18 (60%), 16 (53.3%) of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline , respectively. Resistance to 2 drugs was detected in 27 (90%) of the isolates. Resistance to 3 or more drugs was detected in 21 (70%) of the isolates, while resistance to 7 or more drugs was detected in 11 (36.7%) of the isolates. The rate of occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella strains isolated from dairy farms in Addis Ababa was significantly higher than those isolated from farms outside of Addis Ababa (p = 0.009). MDR was more common in S. Kentucky, S. Virchow and S. Saintpaul.
CONCLUSION
Isolation of Salmonella serotypes commonly known for causing human salmonellosis that are associated with an MDR phenotype in dairy farms in close proximity with human population is a major public health concern. These findings imply the need for a strict pathogen reduction strategy.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ethiopia; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prevalence; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serogroup
PubMed: 26879347
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0638-2 -
PloS One 2016Land application of swine manure in commercial hog farms is an integral part of their waste management system which recycles the nutrients back to the soil. However,...
Land application of swine manure in commercial hog farms is an integral part of their waste management system which recycles the nutrients back to the soil. However, manure application can lead to the dissemination of bacterial pathogens in the environment and pose a serious public health threat. The aim of this study was to determine the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in the environment due to manure application in commercial swine farms in North Carolina (n = 6) and Iowa (n = 7), two leading pork producing states in the US. We collected manure and soil samples twice on day 0 (before and after manure application) from four distinct plots of lands (5 soil samples/plot) located at 20 feet away from each other in the field. Subsequent soil samples were collected again on days 7, 14, 21 from the same plots. A total of 1,300 soil samples (NC = 600; IA = 700) and 130 manure samples (NC = 60; IA = 70) were collected and analyzed in this study. The overall Salmonella prevalence was 13.22% (189/1,430), represented by 10.69% and 38.46% prevalence in soil and manure, respectively. The prevalence in NC (25.45%) was significantly higher than in IA (2.73%) (P<0.001) and a consistent decrease in Salmonella prevalence was detected from Day 0-Day 21 in all the farms that tested positive. Salmonella serotypes detected in NC were not detected in IA, thereby highlighting serotype association based on manure storage and soil application method used in the two regions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the broth microdilution method to a panel of 15 antimicrobial drugs. A high frequency of isolates (58.73%) were multidrug resistant (resistance to three or more class of antimicrobials) and the most frequent resistance was detected against streptomycin (88.36%), sulfisoxazole (67.2%), and tetracycline (57.67%). Genotypic characterization by pulse field gel electrophoresis revealed clonally related Salmonella in both manure and soil at multiple time points in the positive farms. Our study highlights the potential role of swine manure application in the dissemination and persistence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in the environment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Environment; Manure; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serogroup; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline
PubMed: 27755598
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164621