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Medecine Tropicale Et Sante... Jun 2023Muscoid larvae were observed on self-medicated dressing material loaded with purulent material taken from a 91-year-old hospital patient. These larvae were identified as...
Muscoid larvae were observed on self-medicated dressing material loaded with purulent material taken from a 91-year-old hospital patient. These larvae were identified as However, no larvae were found in the patient's tissues. The observation of larvae on dressings should not automatically lead to a diagnosis of cutaneous myiasis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Aged, 80 and over; Diptera; Myiasis; Larva; Bandages; Blindness
PubMed: 37525680
DOI: 10.48327/mtsi.v3i2.2023.370 -
Indian Journal of Pathology &... Jul 2023
PubMed: 38391348
DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_501_22 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Mar 2024Human myiasis is a parasitic dipteran fly infestation that infects humans and vertebrates worldwide. However, the disease is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin...
BACKGROUND
Human myiasis is a parasitic dipteran fly infestation that infects humans and vertebrates worldwide. However, the disease is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. In Sub-Saharan Africa, it is under-reported and therefore its prevalence is unknown. This systematic review aims to elucidate the prevalence of human myiasis, factors that influence the infection, and myiasis-causing fly species in SSA. The review also dwelled on the common myiasis types and treatment methods of human myiasis.
METHODS
Here, we collect cases of human myiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa based on literature retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct from 1959 to 2022. A total of 75 articles and 157 cases were included in the study. The recommendations of PRISMA 2020 were used for the realization of this systematic review.
RESULTS
In total, 157 cases of human myiasis in SSA were reviewed. Eleven fly species (Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cordylobia rodhaini, Dermatobia hominis, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Oestrus ovis, Sarcophaga spp., Sarcophaga nodosa, Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya chloropyga and Clogmia albipuntum) were found to cause human myiasis in SSA. Cordylobia anthropophaga was the most prevalent myiasis-causing species of the reported cases (n = 104, 66.2%). More than half of the reported cases were from travelers returning from SSA (n = 122, 77.7%). Cutaneous myiasis was the most common clinical presentation of the disease (n = 86, 54.7%). Females were more infected (n = 78, 49.6%) than males, and there was a higher infestation in adults than young children.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study reveals that international travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa were mostly infested therefore, we recommend that both international travelers and natives of SSA be enlightened by public health officers about the disease and its risk factors at entry points in SSA and the community level respectively. Clinicians in Sub-Saharan Africa often misdiagnose the disease and most of them lack the expertise to properly identify larvae, so we recommend the extensive use of molecular identification methods instead.
Topics: Male; Adult; Animals; Female; Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Diptera; Myiasis; Larva; Psychodidae; Africa South of the Sahara; Calliphoridae
PubMed: 38547087
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012027 -
Skin Health and Disease Oct 2023Following a trip to Bolivia, a 32-year-old woman developed a left lower leg ulcer with a sensation of movement within the lesion. After being seen by four primary care...
Following a trip to Bolivia, a 32-year-old woman developed a left lower leg ulcer with a sensation of movement within the lesion. After being seen by four primary care providers, she was referred to dermatology 7 weeks after her return from Bolivia. At that time, she was found to have a 5 mm weeping ulcer, with a live larva visible at the base. We conducted a punch biopsy for botfly removal, after which the patient healed well. Herein we discuss the ways in which clinical presentation, history of travel, dermoscopy, and ultrasound can contribute to diagnosing botfly myiasis. While treatment of botfly infestation is not required, we discuss the importance of shared decision-making in considering treatment, as well as methods for extraction, including mechanical or surgical removal, which may help to reduce patient anxiety and the risk for secondary infection. As global travel resumes to levels prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, it is important for dermatologists to be aware of the presenting symptoms and treatment of tropical skin disorders.
PubMed: 37799363
DOI: 10.1002/ski2.253 -
Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023This review aims to describe and compare the risk factors, clinical course, diagnosis, and parasitologic features of external ophthalmomyiasis. We also discuss the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This review aims to describe and compare the risk factors, clinical course, diagnosis, and parasitologic features of external ophthalmomyiasis. We also discuss the different preventive measures and the effect of global warming in a large case series reported from January 2000 to December 2022.
METHODS
We perform a literature review of reported cases of external ophthalmomyiasis to determine the clinical characteristics, therapeutic management, and information on the organisms that most commonly cause external ophthalmomyiasis.
RESULTS
A total of 312 cases of external ophthalmomyiasis were recorded. The most common causative organism was (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Oestridae), accounting for 72.1% of cases, followed by (Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781) (Diptera: Oestridae) at 5.4%, (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%, and (Villeneuve) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%. Before experiencing symptoms, 43.6% of cases reported having direct contact with flies or being hit in the eye, 33% reported no associated risk factors, 9.3% reported living with sheep and goats, and 7.7% reported a history of foreign objects entering the eye. The most common symptoms for those affected by were sudden onset, including a foreign body sensation and movement, redness, tearing, itching, swelling, irritation, photophobia, burning, and ocular secretion. In cases caused by , symptoms included eyelid edema, pain, redness, itching, movement within the lesion, ocular irritation, and discharge. Regarding occupational or recreational activity, agriculture, and livestock had the highest incidence, followed by trades and technical activities, being a student, and having traveled to an endemic region for work or recreation.
CONCLUSION
Patients with red eyes may suffer from external ophthalmomyiasis, which requires a thorough examination to diagnose and treat it early. Moreover, as the temperature increases due to climate change, it is essential to consider how this will affect the spread of different pathogens.
PubMed: 38131986
DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040180 -
Insects Jul 2023Myiasis caused by is a widespread parasitic infestation in mammals. The infested host suffers from damage as the developing larvae feed on its tissues. For the control...
Myiasis caused by is a widespread parasitic infestation in mammals. The infested host suffers from damage as the developing larvae feed on its tissues. For the control of myiasis infestation, genetic methods have been shown to be effective and promising as an alternative to insecticides. Combining genome, isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq), and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, we isolated and characterized two sex-determination genes, and (), whose orthologs in a number of insect pests have been utilized to develop genetic control approaches. transcripts are sex-specifically spliced; only the female transcript encodes a full-length functional protein, while the male transcript encodes a truncated and non-functional polypeptide due to the presence of the male-specific exon containing multiple in-frame stop codons. The existence of five predicted TRA/TRA2 binding sites in the male-specific exon and the surrounding intron of , as well as the presence of an RNA-recognition motif in WmTRA2 may suggest the auto-regulation of by its own protein interacting with WmTRA2. This results in the skipping of the male-specific exon and translation of the full-length functional protein only in females. Our comparative study in dipteran species showed that both the WmTRA and WmTRA2 proteins exhibit a high degree of similarity to their orthologs in the myiasis-causing blow flies. Additionally, transcriptome profiling performed between adult females and adult males reported 657 upregulated and 365 downregulated genes. Functional analysis showed that among upregulated genes those related to meiosis and mitosis Gene Ontology (GO) terms were enriched, while, among downregulated genes, those related to muscle cell development and aerobic metabolic processes were enriched. Among the female-biased gene set, we detected five candidate genes, (), (), (), (), and (). The promoters of these genes may be able to upregulate Cas9 expression in the germline in Cas9-based homing gene drive systems as established in some flies and mosquitoes. The isolation and characterization of these genes is an important step toward the development of genetic control programs against infestation.
PubMed: 37504626
DOI: 10.3390/insects14070620 -
Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jul 2023Myiasis is the infestation of live vertebrates by dipterous larvae that feed on living or necrotic tissues, liquid body substances or ingested food and develop in or on... (Review)
Review
Myiasis is the infestation of live vertebrates by dipterous larvae that feed on living or necrotic tissues, liquid body substances or ingested food and develop in or on the vertebrate body. In both animals and humans, myiasis plays a fundamental role in forensic practice because of its implications in the evaluation of cases of neglect and in the mPMI (minimum post-mortem interval) estimation. The present study aims to provide a review of forensic issues related to myiasis. A retrospective analysis was conducted by exploring major electronic literature databases. Methodological evaluation of each study was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) standards. Sixty-one papers were included in this review. Entomology shows great potentiality in forensic investigations, mostly because of its contributory role in mPMI estimation. Such evaluation, however, requires a careful consideration of the possibility of an ante-mortem myiasis infestation, which could complicate the correct assessment of the mPMI. Hence, forensic pathologists should pay attention to the entomological fauna on a corpse, in both fresh and decomposed bodies. Moreover, in cases with poor nutritional or hygienic conditions, myiasis should be carefully evaluated as an indicator of neglect.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Myiasis; Forensic Medicine; Larva; Autopsy; Diptera
PubMed: 37126932
DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102263 -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Oct 2023Myiasis of an open fracture wound is very rare but can occur due to neglect of wound care.
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE
Myiasis of an open fracture wound is very rare but can occur due to neglect of wound care.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 12-year-old boy from a low socio-economic background, following an impact injury in his right great toe 10 days back presented with complaints of pain, swelling, and a foul-smelling odor from his right great toe. On examination, a swollen, tender puncture wound was noted over the dorsal aspect of the great toe revealing part of live larvae and serosanguinous discharge. Management was done with the complete removal of maggots, wound debridement, wound lavage, administration of systemic antibiotics, and toe guard slab application.
CLINICAL DISCUSSION
Wound myiasis results from a facultative or obligatory parasite that is initiated when flies oviposit in hemorrhagic, necrotic, or pus-filled lesions. The possible complications of myiasis include local destruction, invasion into deep tissues, and secondary infection, which could result in amputation of the affected area, especially where obligatory parasites are concerned.
CONCLUSION
Myiasis commonly occurs due to poor hygiene and neglect of wound care along with many other risk factors. Early proper wound care prevents the development of wound myiasis and early diagnosis and treatment of myiasis prevent complication of local tissue destruction and amputation of affected parts.
PubMed: 37811016
DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000001248