-
Dermatologic Clinics Oct 2020Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic condition characterized by an intraoral burning sensation in the absence of a local or systemic cause. (Review)
Review
Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic condition characterized by an intraoral burning sensation in the absence of a local or systemic cause.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans
PubMed: 32892856
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2020.05.008 -
Dental Clinics of North America Jan 2023Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a rare chronic neuropathic pain condition characterized by recurring burning pain or dysesthesia in the absence of any local or systemic... (Review)
Review
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a rare chronic neuropathic pain condition characterized by recurring burning pain or dysesthesia in the absence of any local or systemic causes of symptoms. The exact pathophysiology of BMS is unknown, but recent research suggests a medley of neuropathic, endocrinological, and psychosocial elements. This article presents a case history and reviews the epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, clinical features, diagnostic investigations, pathophysiology, and management of BMS.
Topics: Humans; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Neuralgia
PubMed: 36404080
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2022.07.004 -
Cephalalgia : An International Journal... Feb 2022Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic idiopathic intractable intraoral dysaesthesia that remains a challenge to clinicians due to its poorly understood pathogenesis and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic idiopathic intractable intraoral dysaesthesia that remains a challenge to clinicians due to its poorly understood pathogenesis and inconsistent response to various treatments.
AIM
This review aimed to study the short- (≤3 months) and long-term (>3 months) effectiveness and sustainable benefit of different burning mouth syndrome treatment strategies and the associated side effects.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Randomised controlled trials of burning mouth syndrome treatment compared with placebo or other interventions with a minimum follow up of 2 months were searched from the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane database (published to July 2020).
RESULTS
Twenty-two studies were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and analysed. Nine categories of burning mouth syndrome treatment were identified: Anticonvulsant and antidepressant agents, phytomedicine and alpha lipoic acid supplements, low-level laser therapy, saliva substitute, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and cognitive behaviour therapy. Cognitive behaviour therapy, topical capsaicin and clonazepam, and laser therapy demonstrated favourable outcome in both short- and long-term assessment. Phytomedicines reported a short-term benefit in pain score reduction. The pooled effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) pain score improvement was low, but its positive effects increased in long term assessment.
CONCLUSION
A more significant volume in terms of sample size, multi-centres, and multi-arm comparison of therapeutic agents with placebo and longitudinal follow-up studies is recommended to establish a standardised burning mouth syndrome treatment protocol. Further studies are required to assess the analgesic benefits of topical clonazepam and capsaicin, alternative medicines with neurodegenerative prevention capability and psychology support in treating burning mouth syndrome and reducing systemic adverse drug reactions. International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO):Protocol ID - CRD42020160892.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Capsaicin; Clonazepam; Humans; Pain; Thioctic Acid
PubMed: 34404247
DOI: 10.1177/03331024211036152 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a complex chronic neuropathic orofacial pain disorder characterized by a generalized or localized intraoral burning, dysesthetic... (Review)
Review
Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a complex chronic neuropathic orofacial pain disorder characterized by a generalized or localized intraoral burning, dysesthetic sensation or pain of the oral mucosa, recurring daily for more than 2 h per day for more than 3 months, without any evidence of specific mucosal lesions and/or laboratory findings [...].
Topics: Humans; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Causality; Mouth Mucosa; Neuralgia
PubMed: 36613002
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010682 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... Feb 2022In this chapter, the authors review the benefits of saliva and the destructive consequences of its loss. It is hoped that this will help their colleagues identify and... (Review)
Review
In this chapter, the authors review the benefits of saliva and the destructive consequences of its loss. It is hoped that this will help their colleagues identify and treat patients before development of symptoms. Xerostomia is the subjective complaint of dry mouth or sensation of oral dryness. Hyposalivation is the actual decrease in measured salivary outflow. The authors discuss a compiled list of highly cited medications commonly used today that are linked with xerostomia and hyposalivation. There are numerous treatment modalities that are present, such as saliva substitutes, mouth rinses, sugar-free candy, and pilocarpine among others.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Humans; Saliva; Xerostomia
PubMed: 34598858
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2021.08.002 -
Journal of Complementary & Integrative... Dec 2021Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is described by an intense burning sensation of the tongue or other oral areas without a clear etiopathology. The diagnosis of BMS is... (Review)
Review
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is described by an intense burning sensation of the tongue or other oral areas without a clear etiopathology. The diagnosis of BMS is challenging due to variations of manifestations. The management of BMS is complicated due to the complex etiology of the disease. Many medications and treatment methods have been recommended for BMS management, but no one confirmed as the standard method. In this study, the therapeutic approaches of BMS were evaluated. The data of the article was obtained from PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The following terms including "burning mouth syndrome", "therapy", and "treatment" were used for search in the databases. A wide range of articles about the therapeutic approach of BMS was searched and reviewed. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches have been used for BMS management. Pharmacological treatments are including Capsaicin, Clonazepam, Low-dose aripiprazole, Alpha-lipoic acid, Duloxetine, Amitriptyline, Gabapentin, and Pregabalin, and ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide. Non-pharmacological therapies for BMS are cognitive therapy, Electroconvulsive therapy, Laser therapy, Acupuncture and auriculotherapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), Salivary Mechanical Stimulation, and Botulinum Toxin. A detailed assessment of the etiology and pathophysiology of BMS, and having information about novel therapeutic interventions are essential for the management of BMS.
Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Capsaicin; Humans
PubMed: 34881535
DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0434 -
Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver... Jun 2022Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as "idiopathic orofacial pain with intraoral burning or dysesthesia recurring daily for more than 2 hours per day and more than 3... (Review)
Review
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as "idiopathic orofacial pain with intraoral burning or dysesthesia recurring daily for more than 2 hours per day and more than 3 months, without any identifiable causative lesions, with or without somatosensory changes" in International Classification of Orofacial Pain, 2020. Worldwide prevalence of BMS was estimated to be 1.73% in population-based studies, while female and elderly are at higher risk of BMS. The aim of this narrative review is to clarify the main etiopathogenetic factors of BMS investigated so far in the scientific literature. There is growing evidence of an important role of peripheral neuropathology in BMS, supported by immunohistochemical studies which have demonstrated a significant loss of epithelial and subepithelial nerve fibers. Other possible etiopathogenetic factors emerging from literature are laryngopharyngeal reflux and hormonal and salivary changes related to aging and menopause. Finally, the role of the oral microbiota in BMS has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Further studies are necessary to investigate the probably multifactorial etiopathogenesis of primary BMS, a pathology which has a serious impact on the quality of life of our patients, a disease we find ourselves treating without the adequate therapy and the necessary knowledge.
Topics: Aged; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Facial Pain; Female; Humans; Quality of Life
PubMed: 35574619
DOI: 10.15403/jgld-4245 -
Journal of Dental Research Feb 2023The aim of this systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials was to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for pain relief of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The aim of this systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials was to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for pain relief of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Five databases and gray literature were searched. Independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. The primary outcome was pain relief or burning sensation, and the secondary outcomes were side effects, quality of life, salivary flow, and TNF-α and interleukin 6 levels. Four comparable interventions were grouped into different network geometries to ensure the transitivity assumption for pain: photobiomodulation therapy, alpha-lipoic acid, phytotherapics, and anxiolytics/antidepressants. Mean difference (MD) and 95% CI were calculated for continuous outcomes. The minimal important difference to consider a therapy beneficial against placebo was an MD of at least -1 for relief of pain. To interpret the results, the GRADE approach for NMA was used with a minimally contextualized framework and the magnitude of the effect. Forty-four trials were included (24 in the NMA). The anxiolytic (clonazepam) probably reduces the pain of BMS when compared with placebo (MD, -1.88; 95% CI, -2.61 to -1.16; moderate certainty). Photobiomodulation therapy (MD, -1.90; 95% CI, -3.58 to -0.21) and pregabalin (MD, -2.40; 95% CI, -3.49 to -1.32) achieved the minimal important difference of a beneficial effect with low or very low certainty. Among all tested treatments, only clonazepam is likely to reduce the pain of BMS when compared with placebo. The majority of the other treatments had low and very low certainty, mainly due to imprecision, indirectness, and intransitivity. More randomized controlled trials comparing treatments against placebo are encouraged to confirm the evidence and test possible alternative treatments (PROSPERO CRD42021255039).
Topics: Humans; Network Meta-Analysis; Clonazepam; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Quality of Life; Pain
PubMed: 36214096
DOI: 10.1177/00220345221130025 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2020Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is idiopathic chronic oral pain, associated with depression, anxiety and pain symptoms. The BMS symptoms include a burning sensation in the...
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is idiopathic chronic oral pain, associated with depression, anxiety and pain symptoms. The BMS symptoms include a burning sensation in the tongue and/or other oral mucosa with no underlying medical or dental reasons. As many BMS patients suffer from psychiatric comorbidities, several psychotropic drugs are included in the management of BMS, reducing the complaint, while managing anxiety, depression and pain disorders. In this review, a search of the published literature regarding the management of BMS was conducted. We discuss the BMS etiology, clinically associated symptoms and available treatment options. The current evidence supports some BMS interventions, including alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), clonazepam, capsaicin, and low-level laser therapy (LLLT); however, there is a lack of robust scientific evidence, and large-scale clinical trials with long follow-up periods are needed to establish the role of these BMS management options. This knowledge could raise the awareness of dentists, psychiatrists and general practitioners about these challenges and the available kinds of treatment to improve multidisciplinary management for better health outcomes.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Capsaicin; Clonazepam; Humans; Low-Level Light Therapy; Pain
PubMed: 33113291
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/120991 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2020can be present as a cutaneous, mucosal or deep-seated organ infection, which is caused by more than 20 types of sp., with being the most common. These are pathogenic... (Review)
Review
can be present as a cutaneous, mucosal or deep-seated organ infection, which is caused by more than 20 types of sp., with being the most common. These are pathogenic yeast and are usually present in the normal microbiome. High-risk individuals are patients of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), organ transplant, and diabetes. During infection, pathogens can adhere to complement receptors and various extracellular matrix proteins in the oral and vaginal cavity. Oral and vaginal results from the overgrowth of sp. in the hosts, causing penetration of the oral and vaginal tissues. Symptoms include white patches in the mouth, tongue, throat, and itchiness or burning of genitalia. Diagnosis involves visual examination, microscopic analysis, or culturing. These infections are treated with a variety of antifungals that target different biosynthetic pathways of the pathogen. For example, echinochandins target cell wall biosynthesis, while allylamines, azoles, and morpholines target ergosterol biosynthesis, and 5-Flucytosine (5FC) targets nucleic acid biosynthesis. Azoles are commonly used in therapeutics, however, because of its fungistatic nature, sp. evolve azole resistance. Besides azoles, sp. also acquire resistance to polyenes, echinochandins, and 5FC. This review discusses, in detail, the drug resistance mechanisms adapted by sp.
PubMed: 32526921
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060312