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Stem Cell Research & Therapy Mar 2023Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy has become an effective therapeutic approach for bone regeneration. However, there are still limitations in successful clinical... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy has become an effective therapeutic approach for bone regeneration. However, there are still limitations in successful clinical translation. Recently, the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells, especially exosome, plays a critical role in promoting bone repair and regeneration. Exosomes are nanosized, lipid bilayer-enclosed structures carrying proteins, lipids, RNAs, metabolites, growth factors, and cytokines and have attracted great attention for their potential application in bone regenerative medicine. In addition, preconditioning of parental cells and exosome engineering can enhance the regenerative potential of exosomes for treating bone defects. Moreover, with recent advancements in various biomaterials to enhance the therapeutic functions of exosomes, biomaterial-assisted exosomes have become a promising strategy for bone regeneration. This review discusses different insights regarding the roles of exosomes in bone regeneration and summarizes the applications of engineering exosomes and biomaterial-assisted exosomes as safe and versatile bone regeneration agent delivery platforms. The current hurdles of transitioning exosomes from bench to bedside are also discussed.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Exosomes; Bone Regeneration; Regenerative Medicine; Mesenchymal Stem Cells
PubMed: 36978165
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03275-x -
Acta Biomaterialia Apr 2021Biomaterial matrices must permit tissue growth and maturation for the success of tissue regeneration strategies. Naturally, this accommodation is achieved via the... (Review)
Review
Biomaterial matrices must permit tissue growth and maturation for the success of tissue regeneration strategies. Naturally, this accommodation is achieved via the dynamic remodeling of a cell's extracellular matrix (ECM). Synthetically, hydrolytic or enzymatic degradation are often engineered into materials for this purpose. More recently, supramolecular interactions have been used to provide a biomimetic and tunable mechanism to facilitate tissue formation via their dynamic and reversible non-covalent interactions. By engineering the mechanical and bioactive properties of a material, supramolecular chemists are able to design permissivity into the construct and facilitate tissue integration in-vivo. Furthermore, via the reversibility of non-covalent interactions, injectability and responsiveness can be designed for enhanced delivery and spatio-temporal control. In this review, we delineate the basic considerations needed when designing permissive supramolecular hydrogels for tissue engineering with an eye toward tissue growth and integration. We highlight three archetypal hydrogel systems that have shown well-documented tissue integration in vivo, and provide avenues to assess tissue in-growth. Careful design and assessment of the biomedical potential of a supramolecular hydrogels can inspire the creation of robust and dynamic implants for new tissue engineering applications.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Extracellular Matrix; Hydrogels; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 33508507
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.034 -
Acta Biomaterialia Jan 2021Synthetic calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics represent the most widely used biomaterials for bone regenerative treatments due to their biological performance that is... (Review)
Review
Synthetic calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics represent the most widely used biomaterials for bone regenerative treatments due to their biological performance that is characterized by bioactivity and osteoconductive properties. From a clinical perspective, injectable CaP cements (CPCs) are highly appealing, as CPCs can be applied using minimally invasive surgery and can be molded to optimally fill irregular bone defects. Such CPCs are prepared from a powder and a liquid component, which upon mixing form a paste that can be injected into a bone defect and hardens in situ within an appropriate clinical time window. However, a major drawback of CPCs is their poor degradability. Ideally, CPCs should degrade at a suitable pace to allow for concomitant new bone to form. To overcome this shortcoming, control over CPC degradation has been explored using multiple approaches that introduce macroporosity within CPCs. This strategy enables faster degradation of CPC by increasing the surface area available to interact with the biological surroundings, leading to accelerated new bone formation. For a comprehensive overview of the path to degradable CPCs, this review presents the experimental procedures followed for their development with specific emphasis on (bio)material properties and biological performance in pre-clinical bone defect models.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Bone Cements; Bone Regeneration; Calcium Phosphates; Ceramics; Materials Testing
PubMed: 33065287
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.013 -
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative... Oct 2019Most tendon injuries are occurring from a gradual wearing and tearing of the tendon tissues from overuse. Such injuries are usually seen in sports, exercising, or daily... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Most tendon injuries are occurring from a gradual wearing and tearing of the tendon tissues from overuse. Such injuries are usually seen in sports, exercising, or daily activities that involve a high mechanical load and weight bearing. However, owing to the lack of both cellularity and blood vessels in tendons, the process of tendon repair is slow and inefficient. Although various conservative (non-surgical) and surgical management options are conducted by the clinicians, a gold standard of these approaches does not exist. In this regard, the treatment of tendon injuries is challenging.
METHOD
Here, we describe the recent advances of biomaterial-based approaches for the treatment of injured tendons.
RESULTS
Regenerative medicine is an emerging multidisciplinary research that specializes in the repair of damaged tendon tissues through the delivery of regenerative factors by biomaterials.
CONCLUSION
Although current biomaterial-based treatment strategies have shown their potential for tendon healing, future research and clinical applications should focused on finding the optimum combinations of regenerative factors with ideal biomaterials for the repair of tendons.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Humans; Regenerative Medicine; Tendon Injuries; Wound Healing
PubMed: 31624702
DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00217-8 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2022One of the most arduous challenges in tissue engineering is neovascularization, without which there is a lack of nutrients delivered to a target tissue. Angiogenesis... (Review)
Review
One of the most arduous challenges in tissue engineering is neovascularization, without which there is a lack of nutrients delivered to a target tissue. Angiogenesis should be completed at an optimal density and within an appropriate period of time to prevent cell necrosis. Failure to meet this challenge brings about poor functionality for the tissue in comparison with the native tissue, extensively reducing cell viability. Prior studies devoted to angiogenesis have provided researchers with some biomaterial scaffolds and cell choices for angiogenesis. For example, while most current angiogenesis approaches require a variety of stimulatory factors ranging from biomechanical to biomolecular to cellular, some other promising stimulatory factors have been underdeveloped (such as electrical, topographical, and magnetic). When it comes to choosing biomaterial scaffolds in tissue engineering for angiogenesis, key traits rush to mind including biocompatibility, appropriate physical and mechanical properties (adhesion strength, shear stress, and malleability), as well as identifying the appropriate biomaterial in terms of stability and degradation profile, all of which may leave essential trace materials behind adversely influencing angiogenesis. Nevertheless, the selection of the best biomaterial and cells still remains an area of hot dispute as such previous studies have not sufficiently classified, integrated, or compared approaches. To address the aforementioned need, this review article summarizes a variety of natural and synthetic scaffolds including hydrogels that support angiogenesis. Furthermore, we review a variety of cell sources utilized for cell seeding and influential factors used for angiogenesis with a concentrated focus on biomechanical factors, with unique stimulatory factors. Lastly, we provide a bottom-to-up overview of angiogenic biomaterials and cell selection, highlighting parameters that need to be addressed in future studies.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Hydrogels; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 35309965
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S353062 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2020Due to its properties, such as biodegradability, low density, excellent biocompatibility and unique mechanics, spider silk has been used as a natural biomaterial for a... (Review)
Review
Due to its properties, such as biodegradability, low density, excellent biocompatibility and unique mechanics, spider silk has been used as a natural biomaterial for a myriad of applications. First clinical applications of spider silk as suture material go back to the 18th century. Nowadays, since natural production using spiders is limited due to problems with farming spiders, recombinant production of spider silk proteins seems to be the best way to produce material in sufficient quantities. The availability of recombinantly produced spider silk proteins, as well as their good processability has opened the path towards modern biomedical applications. Here, we highlight the research on spider silk-based materials in the field of tissue engineering and summarize various two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds made of spider silk. Finally, different applications of spider silk-based materials are reviewed in the field of tissue engineering in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Blood Vessels; Bone and Bones; Cartilage; Cell Culture Techniques; Humans; Hydrogels; Peripheral Nerves; Recombinant Proteins; Regeneration; Silk; Skin; Spiders; Tissue Engineering; Viscoelastic Substances
PubMed: 32046280
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030737 -
International Journal of Oral Science Mar 2021Issues caused by maxillofacial tumours involve not only dealing with tumours but also repairing jaw bone defects. In traditional tumour therapy, the systemic toxicity of... (Review)
Review
Issues caused by maxillofacial tumours involve not only dealing with tumours but also repairing jaw bone defects. In traditional tumour therapy, the systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, invasive surgical resection, intractable tumour recurrence, and metastasis are major threats to the patients' lives in the clinic. Fortunately, biomaterial-based intervention can improve the efficiency of tumour treatment and decrease the possibility of recurrence and metastasis, suggesting new promising antitumour therapies. In addition, maxillofacial bone tissue defects caused by tumours and their treatment can negatively affect the physiological and psychological health of patients, and investment in treatment can result in a multitude of burdens to society. Biomaterials are promising options because they have good biocompatibility and bioactive properties for stimulation of bone regeneration. More interestingly, an integrated material regimen that combines tumour therapy with bone repair is a promising treatment option. Herein, we summarized traditional and biomaterial-mediated maxillofacial tumour treatments and analysed biomaterials for bone defect repair. Furthermore, we proposed a promising and superior design of dual-functional biomaterials for simultaneous tumour therapy and bone regeneration to provide a new strategy for managing maxillofacial tumours and improve the quality of life of patients in the future.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Humans; Quality of Life
PubMed: 33727527
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00113-9 -
Nature Communications Jul 2020Many biomaterials have been developed which aim to match the elastic modulus of the brain for improved interfacing. However, other properties such as ultimate toughness,...
Many biomaterials have been developed which aim to match the elastic modulus of the brain for improved interfacing. However, other properties such as ultimate toughness, tensile strength, poroviscoelastic responses, energy dissipation, conductivity, and mass diffusivity also need to be considered.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Biomechanical Phenomena; Brain; Humans; Research; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 32647269
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17245-x -
Biomaterials Apr 2022Across diverse research and application areas, dynamic functionality-such as programmable changes in biochemical property, in mechanical property, or in microscopic or... (Review)
Review
Across diverse research and application areas, dynamic functionality-such as programmable changes in biochemical property, in mechanical property, or in microscopic or macroscopic architecture-is an increasingly common biomaterials design criterion, joining long-studied criteria such as cytocompatibility and biocompatibility, drug release kinetics, and controlled degradability or long-term stability in vivo. Despite tremendous effort, achieving dynamic functionality while simultaneously maintaining other desired design criteria remains a significant challenge. Reversible dynamic functionality, rather than one-time or one-way dynamic functionality, is of particular interest but has proven especially challenging. Such reversible functionality could enable studies that address the current gap between the dynamic nature of in vivo biological and biomechanical processes, such as cell traction, cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, and cell-mediated ECM remodeling, and the static nature of the substrates and ECM constructs used to study the processes. This review assesses dynamic materials that have traditionally been used to control cell activity and static biomaterial constructs, experimental and computational techniques, with features that may inform continued advances in reversible dynamic materials. Taken together, this review presents a perspective on combining the reversibility of smart materials and the in-depth dynamic cell behavior probed by static polymers to design smart bi-directional ECM platforms that can reversibly and repeatedly communicate with cells.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Extracellular Matrix
PubMed: 35247636
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121450 -
Drug Delivery Dec 2020Fibroin is a dominant silk protein that possesses ideal properties as a biomaterial for drug delivery. Recently, the development of fibroin nanoparticles (FNPs) for... (Review)
Review
Fibroin is a dominant silk protein that possesses ideal properties as a biomaterial for drug delivery. Recently, the development of fibroin nanoparticles (FNPs) for various biomedical applications has been extensively studied. Due to their versatility and chemical modifiability, FNPs can encapsulate different types of therapeutic compounds, including small and big molecules, proteins, enzymes, vaccines, and genetic materials. Moreover, FNPs are able to be administered both parenterally and non-parenterally. This review summaries basic information on the silk and fibroin origin and characteristics, followed by the up-to-date data on the FNPs preparation and characterization methods. In addition, their medical applications as a drug delivery system are in-depth explored based on several administrative routes of parenteral, oral, transdermal, ocular, orthopedic, and respiratory. Finally, the challenges and suggested solutions, as well as the future outlooks of these systems are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Drug Delivery Systems; Fibroins; Humans; Nanoparticles; Silk
PubMed: 32157919
DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1736208