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Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing :... Aug 2020
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Incidence; SARS-CoV-2; United States
PubMed: 32576505
DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2020.05.003 -
International Journal of Sports... Feb 2021In the article Bartram JC, Thewlis D, Martin DT, Norton KI. Accuracy of W′ recovery kinetics in high performance cyclists—modeling intermittent work capacity. Int J...
In the article Bartram JC, Thewlis D, Martin DT, Norton KI. Accuracy of W′ recovery kinetics in high performance cyclists—modeling intermittent work capacity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13(6):724–728, https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0034, there was a typo in the equation for Skiba 2 in Figure 1—the numerator and denominator of the ending fraction in the last centered equation were transposed. The online version of this article has been corrected. The authors apologize for the error.
PubMed: 36626652
DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0912 -
Biomolecules Mar 2023Osteopontin (OPN) is a bone-derived phosphoglycoprotein related to physiological and pathological mechanisms that nowadays has gained relevance due to its role in the... (Review)
Review
Osteopontin (OPN) is a bone-derived phosphoglycoprotein related to physiological and pathological mechanisms that nowadays has gained relevance due to its role in the immune system response to chronic degenerative diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). OPN is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that plays a critical role in bone remodeling. Therefore, it is an effector molecule that promotes joint and cartilage destruction observed in clinical studies, in vitro assays, and animal models of RA and OA. Since OPN undergoes multiple modifications, including posttranslational changes, proteolytic cleavage, and binding to a wide range of receptors, the mechanisms by which it produces its effects, in some cases, remain unclear. Although there is strong evidence that OPN contributes significantly to the immunopathology of RA and OA when considering it as a common denominator molecule, some experimental trial results argue for its protective role in rheumatic diseases. Elucidating in detail OPN involvement in bone and cartilage degeneration is of interest to the field of rheumatology. This review aims to provide evidence of the OPN's multifaceted role in promoting joint and cartilage destruction and propose it as a common denominator of AR and OA immunopathology.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Osteoarthritis; Osteopontin; Synovial Membrane; Humans
PubMed: 36979437
DOI: 10.3390/biom13030502 -
Metabolites Aug 2021More and more evidence shows how brain energy metabolism is the linkage between physiological and morphological synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Different... (Review)
Review
More and more evidence shows how brain energy metabolism is the linkage between physiological and morphological synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Different types of memory are associated with differential inputs, each with specific inputs that are upstream diverse molecular cascades depending on the receptor activity. No matter how heterogeneous the response is, energy availability represents the lowest common denominator since all these mechanisms are energy consuming and the brain networks adapt their performance accordingly. Astrocytes exert a primary role in this sense by acting as an energy buffer; glycogen granules, a mechanism to store glucose, are redistributed at glance and conveyed to neurons via the Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle (ANLS). Here, we review how different types of memory relate to the mechanisms of energy delivery in the brain.
PubMed: 34436491
DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080548 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2020The use of dopamine receptor blockers for chronic singultus treatment is based-at least partially-on circular thinking: chlorpromazine is FDA-approved for hiccups,... (Review)
Review
The use of dopamine receptor blockers for chronic singultus treatment is based-at least partially-on circular thinking: chlorpromazine is FDA-approved for hiccups, chlorpromazine is a neuroleptic, neuroleptics are dopamine receptor blockers, and therefore hiccup is due to dopaminergic dysfunction. Chlorpromazine interacts with high affinity with a multitude of receptors and ion channels. This promiscuity is the basis for many of the therapeutic effects and adverse drug reactions of this drug. While an involvement of dopamine is certain, it is by no means clear that dopaminergic dysfunction is the hallmark of singultus. The common denominator of most remedies for transient hiccup is their ability to activate the vagus nerve. Both afferent and efferent vagal activity and the central integration of the Xth cranial nerve function are modulated, inter alia, via serotonergic mechanisms; beneficial (therapeutic) effects for hiccup are to be expected from serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtype ligands that enhance vagal activity. Taken together, it appears that the ability to increase vagus output is mainly associated with 5-HT, 5-HT, and 5-HT agonists and with 5-HT antagonists. The plausibility of the serotonergic singultus hypothesis is examined against available pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical data for a number of drugs.
PubMed: 32765206
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00629 -
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Sep 2023The goal of this article is to characterize the endothelium's role in the development of hypertension and dyslipidemia and to point out promising therapeutic directions. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The goal of this article is to characterize the endothelium's role in the development of hypertension and dyslipidemia and to point out promising therapeutic directions.
RECENT FINDINGS
Dyslipidemia may facilitate the development of hypertension, whereas the collaboration of these two silent killers potentiates the risk of atherosclerosis. The common pathophysiological denominator for hypertension and dyslipidemia is endothelial cell dysfunction, which manifests as dysregulation of homeostasis, redox balance, vascular tone, inflammation, and thrombosis. Treatment focused on mediators acting in these processes might be groundbreaking. Metabolomic research on hypertension and dyslipidemia has revealed new therapeutic targets. State-of-the-art solutions integrating interview, clinical examination, innovative imaging, and omics profiles along with artificial intelligence have been already shown to improve patients' risk stratification and treatment. Pathomechanisms underlying hypertension and dyslipidemia take place in the endothelium. Novel approaches involving endothelial biomarkers and bioinformatics advances could open new perspectives in patient management.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Hypertension; Dyslipidemias; Crime; Endothelium
PubMed: 37594602
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01132-z -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are associated with more diseases than any other region of the genome. Highly polymorphic HLA genes produce variable haplotypes that... (Review)
Review
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are associated with more diseases than any other region of the genome. Highly polymorphic HLA genes produce variable haplotypes that are specifically correlated with pathogenically different autoimmunities. Despite differing etiologies, however, many autoimmune disorders share the same risk-associated HLA haplotypes often resulting in comorbidity. This shared risk remains an unanswered question in the field. Yet, several groups have revealed links between gut microbial community composition and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity is frequently associated with dysbiosis, resulting in loss of barrier function and permeability of tight junctions, which increases HLA class II expression levels and thus further influences the composition of the gut microbiome. However, autoimmune-risk-associated HLA haplotypes are connected to gut dysbiosis long before autoimmunity even begins. This review evaluates current research on the HLA-microbiome-autoimmunity triplex and proposes that pre-autoimmune bacterial dysbiosis in the gut is an important determinant between autoimmune comorbidities with systemic inflammation as a common denominator.
Topics: Humans; HLA-DQ Antigens; Dysbiosis; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; HLA Antigens; Comorbidity
PubMed: 37828987
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270488 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2021Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that is seen in both hypertensive and normotensive... (Review)
Review
Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that is seen in both hypertensive and normotensive populations. Insulin resistance (IR) strongly correlates with SSBP and affects nearly 50% of salt sensitive people. While the precise mechanism by which IR and SSBP relate remains elusive, several common pathways are involved in the genesis of both processes, including vascular dysfunction and immune activation. Vascular dysfunction associated with insulin resistance is characterized by loss of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation and heightened endothelin-1 induced vasoconstriction, as well as capillary rarefaction. It manifests with increased blood pressure (BP) in salt sensitive murine models. Another common denominator in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, hypertension, and salt sensitivity (SS) is immune activation involving pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In the last decade, a new understanding of interstitial sodium storage in tissues such as skin and muscle has revolutionized traditional concepts of body sodium handling and pathogenesis of SS. We have shown that interstitial Na can trigger a T cell mediated inflammatory response through formation of isolevuglandin protein adducts in antigen presenting cells (APCs), and that this response is implicated in salt sensitive hypertension. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a transcription factor that modulates both insulin sensitivity and BP. PPARγ agonists increase insulin sensitivity and ameliorate salt sensitivity, whereas deficiency of PPARγ results in severe insulin resistance and hypertension. These findings suggest that PPARγ plays a role in the common pathogenesis of insulin sensitivity and salt sensitivity, perhaps effects on the immune system and vascular function. The goal of this review is to discuss those mechanisms that may play a role in both SSBP and in insulin resistance.
PubMed: 34966295
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.793924 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2022Thymomas are derived from the epithelial component of the thymus and constitute the most common tumor of the anterior mediastinum. These neoplasms are considered...
Thymomas are derived from the epithelial component of the thymus and constitute the most common tumor of the anterior mediastinum. These neoplasms are considered malignant for their potential for invasion and metastases. Several histopathologic subclassification schemes have been proposed over the years, however, correlation of histotypes with prognosis remains controversial. In contrast, studies invariably have shown that staging and resection status correlate with oncologic behavior and disease outcomes. In this regard, several staging systems have been presented, though transcapsular invasion and degree of involvement of adjacent anatomic structures are common denominators of all schemes. Involvement of the great vessels and heart most commonly results from direct invasion, which may lead to unusual clinical presentations such as superior vena cava syndrome. Moreover, intravascular and intracardiac growth with or without direct mural invasion rarely occurs. We provide an overview of thymomas with intravascular and intracardiac involvement.
PubMed: 35814455
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.881553 -
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology Oct 2020
Topics: COVID-19; Data Analysis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Male; Mathematics; Policy Making; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32980129
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.09.013