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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jun 2023The flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), is an important hygiene pest, that causes myiasis in humans and other mammals, typically livestock, and as...
BACKGROUND
The flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), is an important hygiene pest, that causes myiasis in humans and other mammals, typically livestock, and as a vector for various parasitic agents, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating gene expression during metamorphosis of the flesh fly has not been well established.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and characterization of lncRNAs from the early pupal stage (1-days pupae), mid-term pupal stage (5-days pupae), and late pupal stage (9-days pupae) of S. peregrina by RNA-seq, and a total of 6921 lncRNAs transcripts were identified. RT-qPCR and enrichment analyses revealed the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs) that might be associated with insect metamorphosis development. Furthermore, functional analysis revealed that the DE lncRNA (SP_lnc5000) could potentially be involved in regulating the metamorphosis of S. peregrina. RNA interference of SP_lnc5000 caused reduced expression of metamorphosis-related genes in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling (Br-c, Ftz-F1), cuticle tanning pathway (TH, DOPA), and chitin related pathway (Cht5). Injection of dsSP_lnc5000 in 3rd instar larvae of S. peregrina resulted in deformed pupae, stagnation of pupal-adult metamorphosis, and a decrease in development time of pupal, pupariation rates and eclosion rates. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E), scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation and cuticle hydrocarbons (CHCs) analysis indicated that SP_lnc5000 had crucial roles in the metamorphosis developmental by modulating pupal cuticular development.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
We established that the lncRNA SP_lnc5000 potentially regulates the metamorphosis of S. peregrina by putatively affecting the structure and composition of the pupal cuticle. This study enhances our understanding of lncRNAs as regulators of metamorphosis in S. peregrina, and provide valuable insights into the identification of potential targets for vector control and the development of effective strategies for controlling the spread of myiasis and parasitic diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Diptera; Sarcophagidae; RNA, Long Noncoding; Larva; Pupa; Myiasis; Mammals
PubMed: 37363930
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011411 -
International Journal of Surgery Case... May 2023Genital myiasis in females is a parasitic infection of the vulval region with the larva of various files species. Only a few cases of urogenital myiasis have been...
BACKGROUND
Genital myiasis in females is a parasitic infection of the vulval region with the larva of various files species. Only a few cases of urogenital myiasis have been reported in the literature.
CASE PRESENTATION
We present a case of 55 years postmenopausal, farmer female otherwise healthy presenting to the outpatient department with complaints of maggots and severe itching in the vulval region. Examination revealed erythema in the labia major and groin without lymphadenopathy. In the vaginal examination; inflammation and a large number of maggots were observed in the urethral meatus, labia minora, and vaginal canal, progressing to the cervix. With this, she was diagnosed to be a case of urogenital myiasis. She was managed with the extraction of maggots using turpentine oil, along with broad-spectrum antibiotics and Foleys catheterization for a week. Later during follow up, she was asymptomatic and examination revealed no maggots, and the lesions were healed.
CLINICAL DISCUSSION
Extraction of maggots along with symptomatic management is the mainstay of treatment of myiasis. A significant number of the adult population in the rural areas of developing countries are illiterate and are not familiarized with education regarding genital hygiene. So, along with physicians, policy makers should also be involved in public awareness for genital hygiene.
CONCLUSION
Despite being rare, urogenital myiasis is preventable and treatable condition. Efforts at increasing genital hygiene awareness in a low resource country are utmost for its prevention.
PubMed: 37043897
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108138 -
Parasites & Vectors Mar 2023The New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, is widely distributed across South America. This parasitic insect is a significant cause of primary myiasis in...
BACKGROUND
The New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, is widely distributed across South America. This parasitic insect is a significant cause of primary myiasis in animals, including dogs. There is an urgent need for a rapid and efficient treatment to improve the recovery of affected animals. In the present study we evaluated the potential of lotilaner for the treatment of myiasis caused by C. hominivorax larvae in naturally infested dogs. Lotilaner belongs to the isoxazoline class of chemical compounds and is marketed as Credelio™ for use against ticks and fleas in dogs and cats.
METHODS
Eleven dogs with naturally acquired myiasis were enrolled in this study based on the severity of lesions and the number of identified larvae. All animals received a single oral administration of lotilaner at a minimum dose of 20.5 mg/kg body weight. After treatment, the number of expelled larvae, live or dead, was determined at 2, 6 and 24 h, and the larval expulsion rate, larvicidal effect and overall efficacy were calculated. After 24 h, the remaining larvae were removed, counted and identified. The lesions were cleaned, and palliative treatment was administered when necessary, according to the animal's health status.
RESULTS
All larvae were identified as C. hominivorax. The larval expulsion rate was 80.5% and 93.0% at 2 and 6 h post-treatment, respectively. Lotilaner showed an overall efficacy of 100% at 24 h post-treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
Lotilaner demonstrated a rapid onset of action and a high efficacy against C. hominivorax. We therefore recommend lotilaner for the effective treatment of myiasis in dogs.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Cats; Diptera; Calliphoridae; Cat Diseases; Dog Diseases; Myiasis; Larva
PubMed: 36879347
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05661-z -
Urology Case Reports Nov 2020Penile carcinoma is rare neoplasm in western countries. In development countries can constitute more than 10-20% malignant disease in men. It is usually seen in men with...
Penile carcinoma is rare neoplasm in western countries. In development countries can constitute more than 10-20% malignant disease in men. It is usually seen in men with poor standards of penile hygiene. The bot fly (Dermatobia hominis) is endemic in certainly regions such as Central and South America. Human infestation at nonendemic areas is difficult to diagnose and the penile localization is rare and makes the diagnosis more difficult. The authors describe a rare case of simultaneous association between penile carcinoma and myiasis treated both surgically.
PubMed: 33102107
DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2020.101410 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2020In the One Health scenario, a deep understanding of the dynamics potentially threatening the development and implementation of useful pest and vector management tools is...
In the One Health scenario, a deep understanding of the dynamics potentially threatening the development and implementation of useful pest and vector management tools is of key importance. The New World screwworm fly, (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is characterized by a wide host range. It acts as an important agent of myiasis in humans and warm-blooded animals in the Neotropics, and has been eliminated from a wide region through genetic methods. Of note, Serebrovsky had already proposed in 1940 the principles of autocidal control by the translocation of segments between two chromosomes, but his work was negated by Lysenko, based on the negation of Mendelian genetics. This entomological case study emphasizes the danger of politics interfering with science, a still contemporary hot issue. The negation of global warming or current pandemics are further examples of this noxious influence.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Diptera; Humans; Myiasis; Politics; Public Health; Science
PubMed: 32937878
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186687 -
BMC Microbiology Jan 2024The zoonotic pathogen Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica can cause several diseases in humans, including sepsis and bacteremia. Although the pathogenesis is not fully... (Review)
Review
The zoonotic pathogen Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica can cause several diseases in humans, including sepsis and bacteremia. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood, the bacterium is thought to enter traumatic skin lesions via fly larvae, resulting in severe myiasis and/or wound contamination. Infections are typically associated with, but not limited to, infestation of an open wound by fly larvae, poor sanitary conditions, cardiovascular disease, substance abuse, and osteomyelitis. W. chitiniclastica is generally sensitive to a broad spectrum of antibiotics with the exception of fosfomycin. However, increasing drug resistance has been observed and its development should be monitored with caution. In this review, we summarize the currently available knowledge and evaluate it from both a clinical and a genomic perspective.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Gammaproteobacteria; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diptera; Genomics; Larva
PubMed: 38172653
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03139-7 -
Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Jun 2023The is one of the most important causative agents of nasal myiasis in camels. This study aimed to explore the prevalence, histopathological effects, and molecular...
The is one of the most important causative agents of nasal myiasis in camels. This study aimed to explore the prevalence, histopathological effects, and molecular identification of infestation in camels of Kerman province, South-Eastern Iran, between 2019 and 2021. The larvae were placed in 10% formalin for histopathological evaluation and species identification. Pieces of larval abdominal segments of were selected for extraction of DNA. Partial mitochondrial CO1 genes were sequenced for final analysis. Out of the 870 camels examined, 339 (38.9%) were infested with larval stages of . There was a significant difference between age and infection rate ( = 0.001), while no association between males and females ( = 0.074) was found. The infection rate was significantly higher in the winter ( < 0.001) than in the other seasons. In this study, different lesions depending on duration, locations, and the depth of larval adhesion notably degeneration changes, necrosis, and ulceration were observed. Also, in chronic cases, granulation tissue reactions were organized. was confirmed by PCR sequencing analysis using mitochondrial CO1 region. A 582 bp nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank under the MW136151 accession number. Phylogenetic analysis of CO1 produced a single uniform sister clade to MZ209004 and MW167083 records from China and Iraq, respectively. The high prevalence of in camels in this region and other areas of Iran declares that the country is in an endemic status and displays the existence of the potential risk for camels.
PubMed: 37193486
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01580-z -
DNA Research : An International Journal... Feb 2023The New World Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Calliphoridae), is the most important myiasis-causing species in America. Screwworm myiasis is a zoonosis that can...
The New World Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Calliphoridae), is the most important myiasis-causing species in America. Screwworm myiasis is a zoonosis that can cause severe lesions in livestock, domesticated and wild animals, and occasionally in people. Beyond the sanitary problems associated with this species, these infestations negatively impact economic sectors, such as the cattle industry. Here, we present a chromosome-scale assembly of C. hominivorax's genome, organized in 6 chromosome-length and 515 unplaced scaffolds spanning 534 Mb. There was a clear correspondence between the D. melanogaster linkage groups A-E and the chromosomal-scale scaffolds. Chromosome quotient (CQ) analysis identified a single scaffold from the X chromosome that contains most of the orthologs of genes that are on the D. melanogaster fourth chromosome (linkage group F or dot chromosome). CQ analysis also identified potential X and Y unplaced scaffolds and genes. Y-linkage for selected regions was confirmed by PCR with male and female DNA. Some of the long chromosome-scale scaffolds include Y-linked sequences, suggesting misassembly of these regions. These resources will provide a basis for future studies aiming at understanding the biology and evolution of this devastating obligate parasite.
Topics: Animals; Male; Female; Cattle; Calliphoridae; Drosophila melanogaster; Myiasis; Screw Worm Infection; Chromosomes
PubMed: 36370138
DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac042 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Jan 2020Myiasis has been defined as the infestation of organs and/or tissues with dipterous larvae. They are especially widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. Cutaneous...
Myiasis has been defined as the infestation of organs and/or tissues with dipterous larvae. They are especially widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. Cutaneous myiasis is its most frequent clinical presentation. This report presents a case of furuncular myiasis caused by the larva of Cordylobia anthropophaga in a 22-year-old girl living in Bergamo, Northern Italy, who returned from Kenya (Watamu) with a big, painful furuncle in her right gluteus. The patient accidentally removed the larva from a large pimple and took it to the infectious disease ambulatory clinic at the ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII" Hospital, Bergamo. In the Microbiology and Virology Department of the same hospital, a larva of C. anthropophaga was identified and the diagnosis of myiasis was confirmed.
Topics: Animals; Diptera; Female; Humans; Italy; Kenya; Larva; Myiasis; Travel; Young Adult
PubMed: 32088693
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.11560 -
Pest Management Science Oct 2022The sheep blowfly, Lucila cuprina, is a myiasis-causing parasite responsible for significant production losses and welfare issues for the Australian sheep industry....
BACKGROUND
The sheep blowfly, Lucila cuprina, is a myiasis-causing parasite responsible for significant production losses and welfare issues for the Australian sheep industry. Control relies largely on the use of insecticides. The pyrimidine compound, dicyclanil, is the predominant control chemical, although other insecticides also are used, including imidacloprid, ivermectin, cyromazine and spinosad. We investigated in vitro resistance patterns and mechanisms in field-collected blowfly strains.
RESULTS
The Walgett 2019 strain showed significant levels of resistance to both dicyclanil and imidacloprid, with resistance factors at the IC of 26- and 17-fold, respectively, in in vitro bioassays. Co-treatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor, aminobenzotriazole, resulted in significant levels of synergism for dicyclanil and imidacloprid (synergism ratios of 7.2- and 6.1-fold, respectively), implicating cytochrome P450 in resistance to both insecticides. Cyp12d1 transcription levels were increased up to 40-fold throughout the larval life stages in the resistant strain compared to a reference susceptible strain, whereas transcription levels of some other cyp genes (6g1, 4d1, 28d1) did not differ between the strains. Similar resistance levels also were observed in flies collected from the same property in two subsequent years.
CONCLUSION
This study indicates that in vitro resistance to both dicyclanil and imidacloprid in this field-collected blowfly strain is likely mediated by cytochrome P450, with Cyp12d1 implicated as the enzyme responsible; however, it remains possible that another P450 also may be involved. A common resistance mechanism for the two drugs has important implications for drug rotation strategies designed to prolong the useful life of flystrike control chemicals. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Calliphoridae; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Diptera; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Juvenile Hormones; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds
PubMed: 35690912
DOI: 10.1002/ps.7037