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Journal of Clinical Microbiology Sep 2022Read the full article for the answer.
Read the full article for the answer.
PubMed: 36129285
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00660-22 -
Veterinaria Italiana Dec 2022Rhinoestrus species larvae are considered obligatory parasites of the nasal cavities of equine. This type of myiasis is characterised by sneezing, coughing, olfactory...
Rhinoestrus species larvae are considered obligatory parasites of the nasal cavities of equine. This type of myiasis is characterised by sneezing, coughing, olfactory nerve damage and encephalomyelitis. Also, it has a zoonotic importance as the larvae might cause ophthalmomyiasis and conjunctivitis in human. While few studies describing R. purpureus adult fly antennal sensillae are available, the R. usbekistanicus antennal sensillae have never been described. Also, scanty data are available on the adult flies of Rhinoestrus species morphology. For this reason, the current study aimed at identiying and comparing different Rhinoestrus species (larvae, adult flies and time of pupation). Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we have evidenced differences between R. purpureus, R. usbekistanicus larvae in spination pattern, shape of spines, peritremes shape and ultrastrucures. The study also showed that for both species the pupa required 15‑21 days at room temperature to develop into adult flies, identified the adult male flies and female external genitalia have been identified. As well, the gross features of R. purpureus and R. usbekistanicus adult flies which included the disposition of the parafrontalia and parafascialia tubercles, mesonotal weals, wings and abdominal pellonisityhave been characterised and the sensillae compared.
Topics: Humans; Horses; Male; Animals; Female; Diptera; Larva; Myiasis; Nasal Cavity; Horse Diseases
PubMed: 36586118
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.2085.12058.2 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jun 2022
Review
Topics: Bacteremia; Humans; Myiasis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35703540
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01073-21 -
Pest Management Science Oct 2022The sheep blowfly, Lucila cuprina, is a myiasis-causing parasite responsible for significant production losses and welfare issues for the Australian sheep industry....
BACKGROUND
The sheep blowfly, Lucila cuprina, is a myiasis-causing parasite responsible for significant production losses and welfare issues for the Australian sheep industry. Control relies largely on the use of insecticides. The pyrimidine compound, dicyclanil, is the predominant control chemical, although other insecticides also are used, including imidacloprid, ivermectin, cyromazine and spinosad. We investigated in vitro resistance patterns and mechanisms in field-collected blowfly strains.
RESULTS
The Walgett 2019 strain showed significant levels of resistance to both dicyclanil and imidacloprid, with resistance factors at the IC of 26- and 17-fold, respectively, in in vitro bioassays. Co-treatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor, aminobenzotriazole, resulted in significant levels of synergism for dicyclanil and imidacloprid (synergism ratios of 7.2- and 6.1-fold, respectively), implicating cytochrome P450 in resistance to both insecticides. Cyp12d1 transcription levels were increased up to 40-fold throughout the larval life stages in the resistant strain compared to a reference susceptible strain, whereas transcription levels of some other cyp genes (6g1, 4d1, 28d1) did not differ between the strains. Similar resistance levels also were observed in flies collected from the same property in two subsequent years.
CONCLUSION
This study indicates that in vitro resistance to both dicyclanil and imidacloprid in this field-collected blowfly strain is likely mediated by cytochrome P450, with Cyp12d1 implicated as the enzyme responsible; however, it remains possible that another P450 also may be involved. A common resistance mechanism for the two drugs has important implications for drug rotation strategies designed to prolong the useful life of flystrike control chemicals. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Calliphoridae; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Diptera; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Juvenile Hormones; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds
PubMed: 35690912
DOI: 10.1002/ps.7037 -
Veterinary Medicine International 2022Myiasis is the infestation of living tissues of animals with dipterous larvae. In Africa, species ( and and are reported as the principal cause of nonmigratory...
Myiasis is the infestation of living tissues of animals with dipterous larvae. In Africa, species ( and and are reported as the principal cause of nonmigratory cutaneous myiasis of domestic animals. None of these have been reported in dogs in Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted in eight subcounties of Kitui County, Kenya, from March to August 2021 to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and etiological agents associated with canine cutaneous myiasis (CCM). A questionnaire was administered to dog owners to collect information on CCM risk factors. A total of 400 dogs were physically examined and larvae collected from myiasis skin lesions and preserved in 70% ethanol, taken to the laboratory, processed and identified using parasitological morphological features. Live larvae were incubated and emerging adults were captured and identified. The overall prevalence of CCM was 45% (180/400) (95% confidence interval: 40.0-50.0%). A total of 434 larvae were collected from 180 dogs infested with cutaneous myiasis. All larvae (100%) were identified as and hatched adults were "tumbu" flies. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of CCM at 95% confidence interval among different age and sex groups ( > 0.05), although puppies (<6 months) appeared more affected. The highest prevalence of myiasis was in Kitui Central at 65% (95% confidence interval: 51.6-76.9%), Mwingi North at 52.5% (95% confidence interval: 36.1-68.4%), Kitui South at 48.5% (95% confidence interval: 31.5-63.9%), Kitui Rural at 40% (95% confidence interval: 27.6-53.5%), Mwingi Central at 40% (95% confidence interval: 24.9-56.7%), Mwingi West at 40% (95% confidence interval: 24.9-56.7%), Kitui West at 38.3% (95% confidence interval: 26.1-51.8%), and Kitui East subcounty at 36.7% (95% confidence interval: 24.6-50.1%). Lack of housing, housing structures, and dog living area environmental hygiene were the main risk factors associated with the occurrence of CCM ( < 0.05). The CCM occurrence was significantly different among breeds ( < 0.05). larvae were the etiological agent of CCM in Kitui County. There is a need for improved dog housing and hygiene measures to prevent the occurrence of CCM, and affected dogs should be treated to prevent the spread of CCM among the dogs.
PubMed: 35783917
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5699060 -
Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023This review aims to describe and compare the risk factors, clinical course, diagnosis, and parasitologic features of external ophthalmomyiasis. We also discuss the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This review aims to describe and compare the risk factors, clinical course, diagnosis, and parasitologic features of external ophthalmomyiasis. We also discuss the different preventive measures and the effect of global warming in a large case series reported from January 2000 to December 2022.
METHODS
We perform a literature review of reported cases of external ophthalmomyiasis to determine the clinical characteristics, therapeutic management, and information on the organisms that most commonly cause external ophthalmomyiasis.
RESULTS
A total of 312 cases of external ophthalmomyiasis were recorded. The most common causative organism was (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Oestridae), accounting for 72.1% of cases, followed by (Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781) (Diptera: Oestridae) at 5.4%, (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%, and (Villeneuve) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%. Before experiencing symptoms, 43.6% of cases reported having direct contact with flies or being hit in the eye, 33% reported no associated risk factors, 9.3% reported living with sheep and goats, and 7.7% reported a history of foreign objects entering the eye. The most common symptoms for those affected by were sudden onset, including a foreign body sensation and movement, redness, tearing, itching, swelling, irritation, photophobia, burning, and ocular secretion. In cases caused by , symptoms included eyelid edema, pain, redness, itching, movement within the lesion, ocular irritation, and discharge. Regarding occupational or recreational activity, agriculture, and livestock had the highest incidence, followed by trades and technical activities, being a student, and having traveled to an endemic region for work or recreation.
CONCLUSION
Patients with red eyes may suffer from external ophthalmomyiasis, which requires a thorough examination to diagnose and treat it early. Moreover, as the temperature increases due to climate change, it is essential to consider how this will affect the spread of different pathogens.
PubMed: 38131986
DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040180 -
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 2020Myiasis is an invasion of tissues and organs of humans or animals by fly larvae. Oral myiasis is a rare pathology associated with a medical condition, poor oral hygiene,...
Myiasis is an invasion of tissues and organs of humans or animals by fly larvae. Oral myiasis is a rare pathology associated with a medical condition, poor oral hygiene, mouth breathing, and incompetent lip. We present a case of oral myiasis of the maxillary anterior region of the palate, in a 12-year-old male with cerebral palsy and poor oral hygiene. The diagnosis was made on the presence of larvae. The mechanical removal of larvae with hemostat was carried out with ivermectin oral therapy.
PubMed: 33110330
DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_49_20 -
Skin Health and Disease Oct 2023Following a trip to Bolivia, a 32-year-old woman developed a left lower leg ulcer with a sensation of movement within the lesion. After being seen by four primary care...
Following a trip to Bolivia, a 32-year-old woman developed a left lower leg ulcer with a sensation of movement within the lesion. After being seen by four primary care providers, she was referred to dermatology 7 weeks after her return from Bolivia. At that time, she was found to have a 5 mm weeping ulcer, with a live larva visible at the base. We conducted a punch biopsy for botfly removal, after which the patient healed well. Herein we discuss the ways in which clinical presentation, history of travel, dermoscopy, and ultrasound can contribute to diagnosing botfly myiasis. While treatment of botfly infestation is not required, we discuss the importance of shared decision-making in considering treatment, as well as methods for extraction, including mechanical or surgical removal, which may help to reduce patient anxiety and the risk for secondary infection. As global travel resumes to levels prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, it is important for dermatologists to be aware of the presenting symptoms and treatment of tropical skin disorders.
PubMed: 37799363
DOI: 10.1002/ski2.253 -
Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology Dec 2020Myiasis is the invasion of living animal tissue by fly larvae. Orbital tissue infestation involvement occurs in 5% of all myiasis cases and is potentially destructive.... (Review)
Review
Myiasis is the invasion of living animal tissue by fly larvae. Orbital tissue infestation involvement occurs in 5% of all myiasis cases and is potentially destructive. Infection by is very rare in clinical practice. A 65-year-old woman with history of left eye evisceration presented to the emergency department due to a creeping sensation in the left eye socket and underwent medical and surgical treatment for ophthalmomyiasis. A systematic review was performed to identify ophthalmomyiasis cases caused by published in PubMed and Embase until December 2019. can cause major destruction to both vital and non-vital tissues. It should be treated promptly to prevent extensive damage and life-threatening conditions. This report provides an overview of the epidemiology, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options that could assist clinicians in diagnosis and management of this condition.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Calliphoridae; Eye Infections, Parasitic; Female; Humans; Larva; Myiasis
PubMed: 33389940
DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.69360 -
Insects Jul 2023Myiasis caused by is a widespread parasitic infestation in mammals. The infested host suffers from damage as the developing larvae feed on its tissues. For the control...
Myiasis caused by is a widespread parasitic infestation in mammals. The infested host suffers from damage as the developing larvae feed on its tissues. For the control of myiasis infestation, genetic methods have been shown to be effective and promising as an alternative to insecticides. Combining genome, isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq), and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, we isolated and characterized two sex-determination genes, and (), whose orthologs in a number of insect pests have been utilized to develop genetic control approaches. transcripts are sex-specifically spliced; only the female transcript encodes a full-length functional protein, while the male transcript encodes a truncated and non-functional polypeptide due to the presence of the male-specific exon containing multiple in-frame stop codons. The existence of five predicted TRA/TRA2 binding sites in the male-specific exon and the surrounding intron of , as well as the presence of an RNA-recognition motif in WmTRA2 may suggest the auto-regulation of by its own protein interacting with WmTRA2. This results in the skipping of the male-specific exon and translation of the full-length functional protein only in females. Our comparative study in dipteran species showed that both the WmTRA and WmTRA2 proteins exhibit a high degree of similarity to their orthologs in the myiasis-causing blow flies. Additionally, transcriptome profiling performed between adult females and adult males reported 657 upregulated and 365 downregulated genes. Functional analysis showed that among upregulated genes those related to meiosis and mitosis Gene Ontology (GO) terms were enriched, while, among downregulated genes, those related to muscle cell development and aerobic metabolic processes were enriched. Among the female-biased gene set, we detected five candidate genes, (), (), (), (), and (). The promoters of these genes may be able to upregulate Cas9 expression in the germline in Cas9-based homing gene drive systems as established in some flies and mosquitoes. The isolation and characterization of these genes is an important step toward the development of genetic control programs against infestation.
PubMed: 37504626
DOI: 10.3390/insects14070620