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BMC Microbiology Jan 2024The zoonotic pathogen Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica can cause several diseases in humans, including sepsis and bacteremia. Although the pathogenesis is not fully... (Review)
Review
The zoonotic pathogen Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica can cause several diseases in humans, including sepsis and bacteremia. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood, the bacterium is thought to enter traumatic skin lesions via fly larvae, resulting in severe myiasis and/or wound contamination. Infections are typically associated with, but not limited to, infestation of an open wound by fly larvae, poor sanitary conditions, cardiovascular disease, substance abuse, and osteomyelitis. W. chitiniclastica is generally sensitive to a broad spectrum of antibiotics with the exception of fosfomycin. However, increasing drug resistance has been observed and its development should be monitored with caution. In this review, we summarize the currently available knowledge and evaluate it from both a clinical and a genomic perspective.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Gammaproteobacteria; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diptera; Genomics; Larva
PubMed: 38172653
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03139-7 -
BMJ Case Reports Dec 2020Intubations are important live saving skills to maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Common indications include impending upper airway obstruction, respiratory...
Intubations are important live saving skills to maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Common indications include impending upper airway obstruction, respiratory failure and impaired conscious level. Oral myiasis is an infrequently found disease which is characterised by ectoparasitic infestation of body tissues by fly maggots.We present a case report and share valuable experiences on a patient with massive airway myiasis causing upper airway obstruction which require emergency intubation.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Animals; Diptera; Humans; Larva; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Myiasis
PubMed: 33298493
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237764 -
Veterinary World Dec 2022Nasal myiasis is a serious parasitic disease among camels caused by larvae that negatively affect animal health and production globally. The diagnosis of the...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Nasal myiasis is a serious parasitic disease among camels caused by larvae that negatively affect animal health and production globally. The diagnosis of the infestation relies on postmortem examination of the head region, which considers a cause impeding treatment of live animals and may be misdiagnosed as central nervous system disorders. This study aimed to identify the most diagnostic larval antigen with the capacity for monitoring infestation, and to estimate the seroprevalence of nasal myiasis in camels in Egypt, using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three hundred and six male camels of Egyptian and Sudanese breeds, aged 2-5 years, were clinically evaluated for respiratory and/or nervous disorders in Cairo Governorate, Egypt. At the time of slaughter, blood samples were collected from all examined animals. The postmortem examination of 38 animals was conducted. Salivary glands, hemolymph, and somatic antigens were extracted from the second and third larval instars.
RESULTS
The results revealed that the salivary gland antigen was the most potent antigen in detecting specific total IgG antibodies compared to haemolymph and crude somatic antigens. Using receiver-operating characteristic curves and area under the curve, the salivary gland antigen had a sensitivity of 91.67% and a specificity of 92.31%, respectively. It has the highest positive predictive value, 95.7%, and negative predictive value, 85.7%. However, using somatic and hemolymph antigens revealed a sensitivity of 79.17% and 70.83% and a specificity of 76.9% and 84.6%, respectively. There was complete concordance between ELISA results and autopsy findings (true positive). One hundred and forty out of 306 (45.8%) camel serum samples were found to contain .
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that salivary gland antigen is more effective than somatic and hemolymph antigens in accurately detecting nasal myiasis in camels. In addition, determining the seroprevalence of nasal myiasis with the salivary gland antigen through indirect ELISA revealed that it is a prevalent disease among camels in Egypt. Periodic surveillance of the prevalence is necessary for effective management and control measures.
PubMed: 36718343
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2830-2835 -
BMC Veterinary Research Sep 2022In camels, nasopharyngeal myiasis is caused by the larvae of Cephalopina titillator, which parasitize the tissues of nasal and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. C....
BACKGROUND
In camels, nasopharyngeal myiasis is caused by the larvae of Cephalopina titillator, which parasitize the tissues of nasal and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. C. titillator infestation adversely affects the health of camels and decreases milk and meat production and even death. However, the C. titillator infestation in Bactrian camels has not been widely studied.
METHODS
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of C. titillator in Bactrian camels of northwestern Xinjiang. Suspected larvae recovered from infested camels were evaluated for C. titillator by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Nucleotide sequences of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) and cytochrome b (CYTB) genes from the C. titillator of camels were aligned from the NCBI database. Furthermore, the gross and histopathological alterations associated with C. titillator infestation were evaluated via pathological examination.
RESULTS
Of 1263 camels examined 685 (54.2%) camels were infested with suspected C. titillator larvae. Different larval stages were topically detected in the nasal passages and pharynx of the camel heads. Microscopy analysis of the pharyngeal mucosa tissue revealed necrotic tissue debris and some inflammatory cells. Molecular detection of the larval COX1 and CYTB genes indicated that pathogen collected in Bactrian camels was C. titillator. The epidemiological study demonstrated that the prevalence rate of C.titillator infestation was significantly higher in camels of Bestierek Town Pasture (67.2%) and Karamagai Town Pasture (63.6%) compared to Kitagel Town Pasture (38.7%) and Qibal Town Pasture (35.8%) (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the prevalence rates in male (52.6%) and female (54.6%) camels (P > 0.05). The prevalence was higher in warm (64.2%) than that in cold (48.4%) seasons (P < 0.001). The prevalence in camels with non-nomadic method (67.2%) was significantly higher than in animals with nomadic method (47.5%) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of C.titillator infestation was significantly higher in animals of aged 5-10 (60.1%) and aged > 10 (61.1%) years old compared to those of aged < 5 (31.7%) years old camels (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Our results confirm that there is a high prevalence of C. titillator in Bactrian camels from Xinjiang, closely related to age, season, pasture environment, and husbandry methods. Developing prevention, diagnosis, and control programs to prevent transmission is necessary.
Topics: Animals; Camelus; China; Cytochromes b; Diptera; Electron Transport Complex IV; Female; Larva; Male; Myiasis; Prevalence
PubMed: 36171581
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03464-5 -
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and... Nov 2019To evaluate the efficacy of oral Ivermectin, in patients suffering from nasal and nasopharyngeal myiasis. This was a prospective study, comprising 80 patients of nasal...
To evaluate the efficacy of oral Ivermectin, in patients suffering from nasal and nasopharyngeal myiasis. This was a prospective study, comprising 80 patients of nasal and nasopharyngeal myiasis. Patients underwent clinical examination and nasal endoscopy at the time of presentation and findings were recorded. The patients were randomly divided in two groups. In group-I the patients underwent manual extraction of the maggots after instillation of chloroform and turpentine oil mixture, whereas the group-II patients underwent manual extraction with administration of two doses (24 h apart) of oral Ivermectin (6 mg each). The patients were instructed to record the time when they noticed shedding of maggots, and evaluated for the clearance of maggots by endoscopy after 24, 48 h and 7 days after the initial examination. The mean maggot shedding time (by test) in Group-I was 41.23 ± 4.23 h and in Group-II was 24.60 ± 3.15 h. The difference being highly significant statistically, ( = 0.0001). The endoscopic clearance of maggots (by Chi square test) between the two group of patients was also statistically significant at 24 and 48 h with value of ( = 0.002) and ( = 0.006) respectively. Oral Ivermectin was effective in treating nasal and nasopharyngeal myiasis, in terms of early clearance, decreased morbidity and less hospital stay. We conclude that oral Ivermectin can be used as a safe and effective method for the treatment of nasal & nasopharyngeal myiasis.
PubMed: 31763286
DOI: 10.1007/s12070-018-1444-y -
Medicina 2020Miasis is the infestation of man and animals by larvae of flies belonging to the order Diptera, suborder Cyclorrapha. Eighty percent of miasis in Argentina is caused by...
Miasis is the infestation of man and animals by larvae of flies belonging to the order Diptera, suborder Cyclorrapha. Eighty percent of miasis in Argentina is caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax, a species that induces pronounced tissue invasion and destruction, and results in severe clinical forms. Because of the aggressiveness of its larvae, it is important to reach a specific etiological diagnosis. We present four cases of miasis by C. hominivorax in two patients living in the city of Buenos Aires but working in a rural area and two patients living in the Greater Buenos Aires.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiparasitic Agents; Argentina; Diptera; Female; Humans; Ivermectin; Larva; Male; Middle Aged; Myiasis; Tetanus Toxoid
PubMed: 32282329
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Aug 2021
PubMed: 34406883
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02986-20 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Jun 2021Myiasis is a disease caused by tissue invasion of diptera larvae and eggs. Oral myiasis is mostly related to old age, poor oral hygiene, suppurative lesions, anatomical...
Myiasis is a disease caused by tissue invasion of diptera larvae and eggs. Oral myiasis is mostly related to old age, poor oral hygiene, suppurative lesions, anatomical disorders and cancer cases. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an important risk factor for myiasis. This report presents the case of an 82-year-old woman who presented with gingival myiasis developing on the background of OSSC. The patient was diagnosed with OSSC in the hospital. Myiasis larvae were identified and sent to the National Parasitology Reference Laboratory for identification. Thus, development of myiasis on OSCC background was shown in Turkey for the first time. Myiasis larvae have been identified as the 3rd phase of the larvae . development (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). As a result, myiasis cases are sporadic in Turkey, and it can be avoided by controlling fly population and by paying attention to hygiene. Controlling myiasis is an important public health problem and should be considered in a single health concept, as it causes health problems in both humans and animals. The findings of this case will draw attention to the importance of dealing with myiasis factors, which is a public health problem.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Female; Gingiva; Humans; Larva; Mouth Neoplasms; Myiasis; Risk Factors; Sarcophagidae; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Turkey
PubMed: 34103297
DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2021.7230 -
Animal Welfare (South Mimms, England) 2024Tail docking is a husbandry practice widely incorporated in sheep farms around the world. It is an irreversible mutilation that impairs animal welfare, both immediately...
Tail docking is a husbandry practice widely incorporated in sheep farms around the world. It is an irreversible mutilation that impairs animal welfare, both immediately and in the longer term. The defence of tail docking as a practice is centred around the perception that doing so contributes to the promotion of local hygiene, allowing the use of the wool, facilitating reproductive management and reducing the chances of myiasis, a disease caused by the invasion of blowfly larvae in the tissues of warm-blooded animals. However, current understanding of farm animal welfare questions the need to maintain practices such as tail docking. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tail docking on the incidence of myiasis in sheep in an experimental flock in Brazil during a six-year retrospective cohort study. Relative risk, odds ratio and incidence rate ratio were the association measures adopted. A total of 4,318 data-points were collected and supplied the analytical model. Tail docking did not decrease the risk and, on the contrary, was found to increase the chances of sheep being affected by myiasis. The results support the hypothesis that tail docking is not a protective factor against the occurrence of myiasis and further fuel calls for a rethink of tail docking being deployed as a blanket measure in the prevention of myiasis in sheep.
PubMed: 38751799
DOI: 10.1017/awf.2024.21 -
Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Dec 2021Nasal myiasis is a rare parasitic disease. The growth of myiasis in the nasal cavity causes damage to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Once the dipeterous larvae... (Review)
Review
Nasal myiasis is a rare parasitic disease. The growth of myiasis in the nasal cavity causes damage to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Once the dipeterous larvae are migrated, it causes damage to the surrounding structures such as eyes and skull cavity. Proper treatment and active prevention and control can reduce and avoid the occurrence of serious complications. On May 14, 2020, a patient with cerebral infarction and coma was admitted to Xiangya Hospital of Central South University and developed nasal myiasis. During the treatment of the primary disease, the patient was found to be infected with rhinomyiasis. The patient was treated with dehydration, cranial pressure reduction, brain protection, blood glucose control, blood pressure control, and anti-infection. Nasal endoscopy and nasal irrigation were carried out to treat nasal myiasis. The patient was properly placed and isolated for prevention and control so as to prevent the spread of myiasis in the ward. After 16 days, the patient regained consciousness, no worm was found in the nasal cavity, and was discharged from the hospital. The patient was followed-up for 6 months, no maggots were found in the nasal cavity of the patients, no complaints of nasal discomfort was occurred, and no other patients and medical staff were infected with myiasis. The prevention of myiasis is very important, and proper measures should be taken to reduce the risk of community and hospital infection.
Topics: Consciousness; Humans; Myiasis; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses
PubMed: 35232917
DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.210152