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Virulence Dec 2021Bacterial proteases and peptidases are integral to cell physiology and stability, and their necessity in is no exception. Protein cleavage and processing mechanisms... (Review)
Review
Bacterial proteases and peptidases are integral to cell physiology and stability, and their necessity in is no exception. Protein cleavage and processing mechanisms within the bacterial cell serve to ensure that the cell lives and functions in its commensal habitat and can respond to new environments presenting stressful conditions. For , the human nasopharynx is its natural habitat. In the context of virulence, movement of to the lungs, blood, or other sites can instigate responses by the bacteria that result in their proteases serving dual roles of self-protein processors and virulence factors of host protein targets.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Immune Evasion; Lung; Mice; Nasopharynx; Peptide Hydrolases; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33660565
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1889812 -
IScience Jan 2021The expeditious development of information technology has led to the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). However, conventional computing systems are prone to... (Review)
Review
The expeditious development of information technology has led to the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). However, conventional computing systems are prone to volatility, high power consumption, and even delay between the processor and memory, which is referred to as the von Neumann bottleneck, in implementing AI. To address these issues, memristor-based neuromorphic computing systems inspired by the human brain have been proposed. A memristor can store numerous values by changing its resistance and emulate artificial synapses in brain-inspired computing. Here, we introduce six types of memristors classified according to their operation mechanisms: ionic migration, phase change, spin, ferroelectricity, intercalation, and ionic gating. We review how memristor-based neuromorphic computing can learn, infer, and even create, using various artificial neural networks. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in the competing memristor technology for neuromorphic computing systems are discussed.
PubMed: 33458606
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101889 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Nov 2023Programmable biomolecule-mediated computing is a new computing paradigm as compared to contemporary electronic computing. It employs nucleic acids and analogous... (Review)
Review
Programmable biomolecule-mediated computing is a new computing paradigm as compared to contemporary electronic computing. It employs nucleic acids and analogous biomolecular structures as information-storing and -processing substrates to tackle computational problems. It is of great significance to investigate the various issues of programmable biomolecule-mediated processors that are capable of automatically processing, storing, and displaying information. This Perspective provides several conceptual designs of programmable biomolecule-mediated processors and provides some insights into potential future research directions for programmable biomolecule-mediated processors.
PubMed: 37864571
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04142 -
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 2022The biological-biochemical community has been shocked and delighted by the remarkable progress that has recently been made on a problem that has consumed the attention,...
The biological-biochemical community has been shocked and delighted by the remarkable progress that has recently been made on a problem that has consumed the attention, energy, and resources of many, if not most of the scientists in the field for the past 50 years. The problem has been to predict the tertiary structure of a protein merely from its amino acid sequence. Nature does it easily enough, but it has been an incredibly difficult problem, often considered intractable, for humankind. The breakthrough has come in the form of two computer-based approaches, AlphaFold2 and RoseTTAFold in conjunction with factors such as the use of vast computing power, the field of artificial intelligence, and the existence of huge protein sequence databases. The advancement of these tools depended upon and was stimulated by the last 50 years of development of smaller and smaller and more and more powerful electronics components, mainly processors and memory. Along with the problem of protein folding, determining the function or mechanism of action of proteins has similarly limped along as did protein folding until the recent breakthroughs. Perhaps AlphaFold2 and RoseTTAFold can substantially aid in protein mechanistic studies. Now it is not completely insane to consider what might be the next grand challenge in biochemistry-biology. We offer several possibilities.
PubMed: 35402507
DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.848444 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Jul 2019Reading research has long endorsed the view that words are processed strictly one by one. The primary empirical test of this notion is the search for effects from... (Review)
Review
Reading research has long endorsed the view that words are processed strictly one by one. The primary empirical test of this notion is the search for effects from upcoming words on readers' eye movements during sentence reading. Here we argue that no conclusions can be drawn from the absence of such effects, and that the serial versus parallel processing debate cannot be resolved without treading beyond the methodological scope of tracking eye movements. Recent considerations of how the brain organizes linguistic input have sparked key predictions in- and outside the realm of text reading, with ensuing research revealing phenomena that complicate the serial processing perspective. A case is made for parallelism, along with new methods to infer the cognitive architecture driving reading.
Topics: Attention; Brain; Eye Movements; Humans; Linguistics; Models, Neurological; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Reading; Visual Perception
PubMed: 31138515
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.04.006 -
Nature Communications Feb 2024Structured optical materials create new computing paradigms using photons, with transformative impact on various fields, including machine learning, computer vision,... (Review)
Review
Structured optical materials create new computing paradigms using photons, with transformative impact on various fields, including machine learning, computer vision, imaging, telecommunications, and sensing. This Perspective sheds light on the potential of free-space optical systems based on engineered surfaces for advancing optical computing. Manipulating light in unprecedented ways, emerging structured surfaces enable all-optical implementation of various mathematical functions and machine learning tasks. Diffractive networks, in particular, bring deep-learning principles into the design and operation of free-space optical systems to create new functionalities. Metasurfaces consisting of deeply subwavelength units are achieving exotic optical responses that provide independent control over different properties of light and can bring major advances in computational throughput and data-transfer bandwidth of free-space optical processors. Unlike integrated photonics-based optoelectronic systems that demand preprocessed inputs, free-space optical processors have direct access to all the optical degrees of freedom that carry information about an input scene/object without needing digital recovery or preprocessing of information. To realize the full potential of free-space optical computing architectures, diffractive surfaces and metasurfaces need to advance symbiotically and co-evolve in their designs, 3D fabrication/integration, cascadability, and computing accuracy to serve the needs of next-generation machine vision, computational imaging, mathematical computing, and telecommunication technologies.
PubMed: 38378715
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45982-w -
Seminars in Hearing May 2021This case study examines the methods used to troubleshoot a cochlear implant processor via video visit with a nonagenarian (90+ years old) with a bimodal cochlear... (Review)
Review
This case study examines the methods used to troubleshoot a cochlear implant processor via video visit with a nonagenarian (90+ years old) with a bimodal cochlear implant system. This article will discuss the evaluation and management as well as which specific issues could be addressed virtually and how they were resolved. Examples will be provided about how to virtually connect with the patient and how to best facilitate communication during a video visit. Additionally, this article will examine the captioning apps and other hearing assistive technology available for smartphones that can provide further assistance during a cell phone call along with their benefits and limitations.
PubMed: 34381294
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731691 -
Nature Communications Mar 2022Controlling and programming quantum devices to process quantum information by the unit of quantum dit, i.e., qudit, provides the possibilities for noise-resilient...
Controlling and programming quantum devices to process quantum information by the unit of quantum dit, i.e., qudit, provides the possibilities for noise-resilient quantum communications, delicate quantum molecular simulations, and efficient quantum computations, showing great potential to enhance the capabilities of qubit-based quantum technologies. Here, we report a programmable qudit-based quantum processor in silicon-photonic integrated circuits and demonstrate its enhancement of quantum computational parallelism. The processor monolithically integrates all the key functionalities and capabilities of initialisation, manipulation, and measurement of the two quantum quart (ququart) states and multi-value quantum-controlled logic gates with high-level fidelities. By reprogramming the configuration of the processor, we implemented the most basic quantum Fourier transform algorithms, all in quaternary, to benchmark the enhancement of quantum parallelism using qudits, which include generalised Deutsch-Jozsa and Bernstein-Vazirani algorithms, quaternary phase estimation and fast factorization algorithms. The monolithic integration and high programmability have allowed the implementations of more than one million high-fidelity preparations, operations and projections of qudit states in the processor. Our work shows an integrated photonic quantum technology for qudit-based quantum computing with enhanced capacity, accuracy, and efficiency, which could lead to the acceleration of building a large-scale quantum computer.
PubMed: 35246519
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28767-x -
Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure 2020Artificial intelligence has found its way into numerous fields of medicine in the past decade, spurred by the availability of big data and powerful processors. For the... (Review)
Review
Artificial intelligence has found its way into numerous fields of medicine in the past decade, spurred by the availability of big data and powerful processors. For the COVID-19 pandemic, aside from predicting its onset, artificial intelligence has been used to track disease spread, detect pulmonary involvement in computed tomography scans, risk-stratify patients, and model virtual protein structure and potential therapeutic agents. This mini-review briefly discusses the potential applications of artificial intelligence in COVID-19 microscopy.
PubMed: 33623737
DOI: 10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_28_20 -
Nature Communications Mar 2022We present wave-based signal differentiation with unprecedented fidelity and flexibility by purposefully perturbing overmoded random scattering systems such that zeros...
We present wave-based signal differentiation with unprecedented fidelity and flexibility by purposefully perturbing overmoded random scattering systems such that zeros of their scattering matrices lie exactly at the desired locations on the real frequency axis. Our technique overcomes limitations of hitherto existing approaches based on few-mode systems, both regarding their extreme vulnerability to fabrication inaccuracies or environmental perturbations and their inability to maintain high fidelity under in-situ adaptability. We demonstrate our technique experimentally by placing a programmable metasurface with hundreds of degrees of freedom inside a 3D disordered metallic box. Regarding the integrability of wave processors, such repurposing of existing enclosures is an enticing alternative to fabricating miniaturized devices. Our over-the-air differentiator can process in parallel multiple signals on distinct carriers and maintains high fidelity when reprogrammed to different carriers. We also perform programmable higher-order differentiation. Conceivable applications include segmentation or compression of communication or radar signals and machine vision.
PubMed: 35361758
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29354-w