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NeuroImage Aug 2012FSL (the FMRIB Software Library) is a comprehensive library of analysis tools for functional, structural and diffusion MRI brain imaging data, written mainly by members... (Review)
Review
FSL (the FMRIB Software Library) is a comprehensive library of analysis tools for functional, structural and diffusion MRI brain imaging data, written mainly by members of the Analysis Group, FMRIB, Oxford. For this NeuroImage special issue on "20 years of fMRI" we have been asked to write about the history, developments and current status of FSL. We also include some descriptions of parts of FSL that are not well covered in the existing literature. We hope that some of this content might be of interest to users of FSL, and also maybe to new research groups considering creating, releasing and supporting new software packages for brain image analysis.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Software
PubMed: 21979382
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015 -
Nature Neuroscience Feb 2017
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetoencephalography
PubMed: 28230839
DOI: 10.1038/nn.4522 -
Neuron Sep 2014Can we develop technologies to systematically map classical mechanisms throughout the brain, while retaining the flexibility to investigate new mechanisms as they are... (Review)
Review
Can we develop technologies to systematically map classical mechanisms throughout the brain, while retaining the flexibility to investigate new mechanisms as they are discovered? We discuss principles of scalable, flexible technologies that could yield comprehensive maps of brain function.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans
PubMed: 25233303
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.004 -
Neuron Jul 2007Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for noninvasive stimulation of the human brain. Stimulation is produced by generating a brief, high-intensity... (Review)
Review
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for noninvasive stimulation of the human brain. Stimulation is produced by generating a brief, high-intensity magnetic field by passing a brief electric current through a magnetic coil. The field can excite or inhibit a small area of brain below the coil. All parts of the brain just beneath the skull can be influenced, but most studies have been of the motor cortex where a focal muscle twitch can be produced, called the motor-evoked potential. The technique can be used to map brain function and explore the excitability of different regions. Brief interference has allowed mapping of many sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. TMS has some clinical utility, and, because it can influence brain function if delivered repetitively, it is being developed for various therapeutic purposes.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Motor Cortex; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
PubMed: 17640522
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.026 -
ELife Sep 2022A new imaging method reveals previously undetected structural differences that may contribute to developmental language disorder.
A new imaging method reveals previously undetected structural differences that may contribute to developmental language disorder.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36164823
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.82258 -
ACS Nano Mar 2013Neuroscience is at a crossroads. Great effort is being invested into deciphering specific neural interactions and circuits. At the same time, there exist few general... (Review)
Review
Neuroscience is at a crossroads. Great effort is being invested into deciphering specific neural interactions and circuits. At the same time, there exist few general theories or principles that explain brain function. We attribute this disparity, in part, to limitations in current methodologies. Traditional neurophysiological approaches record the activities of one neuron or a few neurons at a time. Neurochemical approaches focus on single neurotransmitters. Yet, there is an increasing realization that neural circuits operate at emergent levels, where the interactions between hundreds or thousands of neurons, utilizing multiple chemical transmitters, generate functional states. Brains function at the nanoscale, so tools to study brains must ultimately operate at this scale, as well. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are poised to provide a rich toolkit of novel methods to explore brain function by enabling simultaneous measurement and manipulation of activity of thousands or even millions of neurons. We and others refer to this goal as the Brain Activity Mapping Project. In this Nano Focus, we discuss how recent developments in nanoscale analysis tools and in the design and synthesis of nanomaterials have generated optical, electrical, and chemical methods that can readily be adapted for use in neuroscience. These approaches represent exciting areas of technical development and research. Moreover, unique opportunities exist for nanoscientists, nanotechnologists, and other physical scientists and engineers to contribute to tackling the challenging problems involved in understanding the fundamentals of brain function.
Topics: Animals; Brain Mapping; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nanomedicine; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 23514423
DOI: 10.1021/nn4012847 -
Neurosurgery Aug 2013
Review
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Surgery, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 23839354
DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000430311.63702.77 -
Annual Review of Neuroscience 2012Empathy--the ability to share the feelings of others--is fundamental to our emotional and social lives. Previous human imaging studies focusing on empathy for others'... (Review)
Review
Empathy--the ability to share the feelings of others--is fundamental to our emotional and social lives. Previous human imaging studies focusing on empathy for others' pain have consistently shown activations in regions also involved in the direct pain experience, particularly anterior insula and anterior and midcingulate cortex. These findings suggest that empathy is, in part, based on shared representations for firsthand and vicarious experiences of affective states. Empathic responses are not static but can be modulated by person characteristics, such as degree of alexithymia. It has also been shown that contextual appraisal, including perceived fairness or group membership of others, may modulate empathic neuronal activations. Empathy often involves coactivations in further networks associated with social cognition, depending on the specific situation and information available in the environment. Empathy-related insular and cingulate activity may reflect domain-general computations representing and predicting feeling states in self and others, likely guiding adaptive homeostatic responses and goal-directed behavior in dynamic social contexts.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Empathy; Gyrus Cinguli; Humans; Neural Pathways; Pain; Social Behavior
PubMed: 22715878
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150536 -
Brain and Cognition Apr 2006There is a wide range of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study designs available for the neuroscientist who wants to investigate cognition. In this... (Review)
Review
There is a wide range of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study designs available for the neuroscientist who wants to investigate cognition. In this manuscript we review some aspects of fMRI study design, including cognitive comparison strategies (factorial, parametric designs), and stimulus presentation possibilities (block, event-related, rapid event-related, mixed, and self-driven experiment designs) along with technical aspects, such as limitations of signal to noise ratio, spatial, and temporal resolution. We also discuss methods to deal with cases where scanning parameters become the limiting factor (parallel acquisitions, variable jittered designs, scanner acoustic noise strategies).
Topics: Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Cognition; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Research Design
PubMed: 16427175
DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2005.11.009 -
Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences Jun 2015The general principle of epilepsy surgery is to achieve seizure freedom without causing any neurological deficit that would outweigh the clinical benefit. To achieve... (Review)
Review
The general principle of epilepsy surgery is to achieve seizure freedom without causing any neurological deficit that would outweigh the clinical benefit. To achieve this, the epileptogenic zone, which is the part of the brain responsible for seizure generation, as well as the anatomic location of the eloquent cortex must be precisely identified in order to spare those functions during excision of the epileptogenic tissue. Major technical advances over the last decade have continuously contributed to increase our ability to map the brain and identify these critical areas. These technologies and innovations that can be routinely used today include non-invasive studies such as magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional MRI (fMRI), simultaneous EEG-fMRI, and nuclear medicine based methods like PET and SPECT as well as invasive studies through chronically implanted electrodes. Electrodes can be either placed subdurally via burr holes and craniotomies or within the brain parenchima via frame-based and frameless stereotactic methods. Apart from a continuous change in these insertion techniques, the most valuable advances here include recordings on high frequency bandwidth (100-600 Hz EEG) that are capable to delineate high-frequency oscillations (HFOs). These HFOs have been recognized as a biomarker for epileptogenic tissue. All of these technical advances have made epilepsy surgery a truly multidisciplinary field and surgeons have to be able to understand and interpret all of the gathered data. Moreover, this development has influenced surgical approaches and techniques and epilepsy surgery today includes a wide variety of procedures. These can be subdivided into resective, disconnective and neuromodulation procedures and vary from a small, targeted lesionectomy to disconnection/resection of one entire hemisphere. This review will give an overview of the available surgical techniques today and will focus on how the technical advances enable us to map the brain and delineate the critical areas.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Epilepsy; Humans; Neuroimaging; Neurosurgical Procedures
PubMed: 25649065
DOI: No ID Found