-
Nature Reviews. Neuroscience Jun 2022Mapping human brain function is a long-standing goal of neuroscience that promises to inform the development of new treatments for brain disorders. Early maps of human... (Review)
Review
Mapping human brain function is a long-standing goal of neuroscience that promises to inform the development of new treatments for brain disorders. Early maps of human brain function were based on locations of brain damage or brain stimulation that caused a functional change. Over time, this approach was largely replaced by technologies such as functional neuroimaging, which identify brain regions in which activity is correlated with behaviours or symptoms. Despite their advantages, these technologies reveal correlations, not causation. This creates challenges for interpreting the data generated from these tools and using them to develop treatments for brain disorders. A return to causal mapping of human brain function based on brain lesions and brain stimulation is underway. New approaches can combine these causal sources of information with modern neuroimaging and electrophysiology techniques to gain new insights into the functions of specific brain areas. In this Review, we provide a definition of causality for translational research, propose a continuum along which to assess the relative strength of causal information from human brain mapping studies and discuss recent advances in causal brain mapping and their relevance for developing treatments.
Topics: Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Mapping; Humans; Neuroimaging; Neurosciences
PubMed: 35444305
DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00583-8 -
NeuroImage Aug 2012FreeSurfer is a suite of tools for the analysis of neuroimaging data that provides an array of algorithms to quantify the functional, connectional and structural... (Review)
Review
FreeSurfer is a suite of tools for the analysis of neuroimaging data that provides an array of algorithms to quantify the functional, connectional and structural properties of the human brain. It has evolved from a package primarily aimed at generating surface representations of the cerebral cortex into one that automatically creates models of most macroscopically visible structures in the human brain given any reasonable T1-weighted input image. It is freely available, runs on a wide variety of hardware and software platforms, and is open source.
Topics: Algorithms; Brain; Brain Mapping; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Software
PubMed: 22248573
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021 -
Neuron Jul 2007Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for noninvasive stimulation of the human brain. Stimulation is produced by generating a brief, high-intensity... (Review)
Review
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for noninvasive stimulation of the human brain. Stimulation is produced by generating a brief, high-intensity magnetic field by passing a brief electric current through a magnetic coil. The field can excite or inhibit a small area of brain below the coil. All parts of the brain just beneath the skull can be influenced, but most studies have been of the motor cortex where a focal muscle twitch can be produced, called the motor-evoked potential. The technique can be used to map brain function and explore the excitability of different regions. Brief interference has allowed mapping of many sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. TMS has some clinical utility, and, because it can influence brain function if delivered repetitively, it is being developed for various therapeutic purposes.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Motor Cortex; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
PubMed: 17640522
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.026 -
Annual Review of Neuroscience 2012Here, we update our 1990 Annual Review of Neuroscience article, "The Attention System of the Human Brain." The framework presented in the original article has helped to... (Review)
Review
Here, we update our 1990 Annual Review of Neuroscience article, "The Attention System of the Human Brain." The framework presented in the original article has helped to integrate behavioral, systems, cellular, and molecular approaches to common problems in attention research. Our framework has been both elaborated and expanded in subsequent years. Research on orienting and executive functions has supported the addition of new networks of brain regions. Developmental studies have shown important changes in control systems between infancy and childhood. In some cases, evidence has supported the role of specific genetic variations, often in conjunction with experience, that account for some of the individual differences in the efficiency of attentional networks. The findings have led to increased understanding of aspects of pathology and to some new interventions.
Topics: Animals; Attention; Brain; Brain Mapping; Executive Function; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Orientation; Social Control, Informal
PubMed: 22524787
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525 -
NeuroImage Nov 2021Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is based on spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, which occur... (Review)
Review
Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is based on spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, which occur simultaneously in different brain regions, without the subject performing an explicit task. The low-frequency oscillations of the rs-fMRI signal demonstrate an intrinsic spatiotemporal organization in the brain (brain networks) that may relate to the underlying neural activity. In this review article, we briefly describe the current acquisition techniques for rs-fMRI data, from the most common approaches for resting state acquisition strategies, to more recent investigations with dedicated hardware and ultra-high fields. Specific sequences that allow very fast acquisitions, or multiple echoes, are discussed next. We then consider how acquisition methods weighted towards specific parts of the BOLD signal, like the Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) or Volume (CBV), can provide more spatially specific network information. These approaches are being developed alongside the commonly used BOLD-weighted acquisitions. Finally, specific applications of rs-fMRI to challenging regions such as the laminae in the neocortex, and the networks within the large areas of subcortical white matter regions are discussed. We finish the review with recommendations for acquisition strategies for a range of typical applications of resting state fMRI.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Connectome; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nerve Net; Oxygen Saturation; Rest
PubMed: 34479041
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118503 -
NeuroImage Aug 2012Surface-based brain imaging analysis offers the advantages of preserving the topology of cortical activation, increasing statistical power of group-level statistics,... (Review)
Review
Surface-based brain imaging analysis offers the advantages of preserving the topology of cortical activation, increasing statistical power of group-level statistics, estimating cortical thickness, and visualizing with ease the pattern of activation across the whole cortex. SUMA is an open-source suite of programs for performing surface-based analysis and visualization. It was designed since its inception to allow for a fine control over the mapping between volume and surface domains, and for very fast and simultaneous display of multiple surface models and corresponding multitudes of datasets, all while maintaining a direct two-way link to volumetric data from which surface models and data originated. SUMA provides tools for performing spatial operations such as controlled smoothing, clustering, and interactive ROI drawing on folded surfaces in 3D, in addition to the various level-1 and level-2 FMRI statistics including FDR and FWE correction for multiple comparisons. In our contribution to this commemorative issue of Neuroimage we touch on the importance of surface-based analysis and provide a historic backdrop that motivated the creation of SUMA. We also highlight features that are particular to SUMA, notably the standardization procedure of meshes to greatly facilitate group-level analyses, and the ability to control SUMA's graphical interface from external programs making it possible to handle large collections of data with relative ease.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Software
PubMed: 21945692
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.016 -
Biological Psychiatry Mar 2023This review focuses on cytoarchitectonics and receptor architectonics as biological correlates of function and connectivity. It introduces the 3-dimensional... (Review)
Review
This review focuses on cytoarchitectonics and receptor architectonics as biological correlates of function and connectivity. It introduces the 3-dimensional cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps of cortical areas and nuclei of the Julich-Brain Atlas, available at EBRAINS, to study structure-function relationships. The maps are linked to the BigBrain as microanatomical reference model and template space. The siibra software tool suite enables programmatic access to the maps and to receptor architectonic data that are anchored to brain areas. Such cellular and molecular data are tools for studying magnetic resonance connectivity including modeling and simulation. At the end, we highlight perspectives of the Julich-Brain as well as methodological considerations. Thus, microstructural maps as part of a multimodal atlas help elucidate the biological correlates of large-scale networks and brain function with a high level of anatomical detail, which provides a basis to study brains of patients with psychiatric disorders.
Topics: Humans; Brain Mapping; Brain; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Computer Simulation
PubMed: 36567226
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.09.014 -
Computational Intelligence and... 2011
Topics: Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Humans; Information Dissemination; Magnetoencephalography; Neurosciences; Software
PubMed: 21822426
DOI: 10.1155/2011/972050 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... May 2015There is an emerging interest in brain-mapping projects in countries across the world, including the USA, Europe, Australia and China. In 2014, Japan started a... (Review)
Review
There is an emerging interest in brain-mapping projects in countries across the world, including the USA, Europe, Australia and China. In 2014, Japan started a brain-mapping project called Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies (Brain/MINDS). Brain/MINDS aims to map the structure and function of neuronal circuits to ultimately understand the vast complexity of the human brain, and takes advantage of a unique non-human primate animal model, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). In Brain/MINDS, the RIKEN Brain Science Institute acts as a central institute. The objectives of Brain/MINDS can be categorized into the following three major subject areas: (i) structure and functional mapping of a non-human primate brain (the marmoset brain); (ii) development of innovative neurotechnologies for brain mapping; and (iii) human brain mapping; and clinical research. Brain/MINDS researchers are highly motivated to identify the neuronal circuits responsible for the phenotype of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and to understand the development of these devastating disorders through the integration of these three subject areas.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Japan; Nerve Net; Research Design
PubMed: 25823872
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0310 -
Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive... Jun 2019Mapping the structural and functional connectivity of the brain is a major focus of systems neuroscience research and will help to identify causally important changes in... (Review)
Review
Mapping the structural and functional connectivity of the brain is a major focus of systems neuroscience research and will help to identify causally important changes in neural circuitry responsible for behavioral dysfunction. Several methods for examining brain activity in humans have been extended to rodent and monkey models in which molecular and genetic manipulations exist for linking to human disease. In this review, which is part of a special issue focused on bridging brain connectivity information across species and spatiotemporal scales, we address mapping brain activity and neural connectivity in rodents using optogenetics in conjunction with either functional magnetic resonance imaging or optical intrinsic signal imaging. We chose to focus on these techniques because they are capable of reporting spontaneous or evoked hemodynamic activity most closely linked to human neuroimaging studies. We discuss the capabilities and limitations of blood-based imaging methods, usage of optogenetic techniques to map neural systems in rodent models, and other powerful mapping techniques for examining neural connectivity over different spatial and temporal scales. We also discuss implementing strategies for mapping brain connectivity in humans with both basic and clinical applications, and conclude with how cross-species mapping studies can be utilized to influence preclinical imaging studies and clinical practices alike.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans
PubMed: 30528965
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.10.005