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Survey of Ophthalmology 2004During retinal detachment, subretinal fluid is present, whose composition and physiopathology are still little known. Under normal conditions, osmotic and oncotic... (Review)
Review
During retinal detachment, subretinal fluid is present, whose composition and physiopathology are still little known. Under normal conditions, osmotic and oncotic pressures help keep the retina in place, but the main retinal attachment force is provided by active transport in the pigment epithelium. Subretinal fluid composition varies according to detachment duration; total protein concentration in subretinal fluid increases with time. In addition, all proteins are qualitatively modified. The detached retina loses its oxygen supply, and it then uses the anaerobic pathway to degrade glucose. Thus, long-duration retinal detachments feature increased lactic acid and dextrose concentrations. Phospholipids are also increased in subretinal fluid, reflecting retinal degradation. This review presents data on the physiopathology and composition of the subretinal fluid in retinal detachments.
Topics: Adhesiveness; Biological Transport, Active; Body Fluids; Exudates and Transudates; Eye Proteins; Humans; Osmotic Pressure; Retinal Detachment
PubMed: 14711443
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.10.003 -
Soins. Psychiatrie May 1994
Topics: Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Female; Humans; Mother-Child Relations
PubMed: 7809719
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Apr 1978We studied a series of 34 eyes in 31 patients in whom retinal detachment occurred during miotic therapy. In 14 eyes, the duration of miotic use before the development of...
We studied a series of 34 eyes in 31 patients in whom retinal detachment occurred during miotic therapy. In 14 eyes, the duration of miotic use before the development of detachment was two months or less. Most detachments occurred in detachment-prone eyes either by virtue of myopia (62%), aphakia (24%), ipsilateral lattice degeneration (38%) or retinal pathology, in the fellow eye (50%). Virtually all detachments were rhegmatogenous. Distributions of retinal breaks are similar to the corresponding profiles in detached eyes not receiving miotics. The observed phenomena may be accounted for mechanistically, either with or without the role of miotics, so a specific causal role cannot be assigned to any given miotic in any given case. However, our data suggest that detachment-prone eyes may be at increased risk with miotic use, and thus demand careful retinal evaluation and prophylaxis when ominous peripheral symptoms are present.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aphakia, Postcataract; Female; Glaucoma; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Miotics; Myopia; Retinal Detachment; Risk; Scleral Buckling; Time Factors
PubMed: 655234
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75255-9 -
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery May 2008Anatomically, the platysma muscle is composed of two parts: a facial part and a cervical part. This observation allows a better understanding of the modifications due to...
Anatomically, the platysma muscle is composed of two parts: a facial part and a cervical part. This observation allows a better understanding of the modifications due to aging. The correction of platysma bands needs nearly vertical directional vectors at the facial level. The periosteum of the malar bone and the anterior border of the parotid fascia are two solid structures that are not modified during aging. They allow the anchoring of the ptotic tissues including premalar fat pads, jowls, and platysma bands. The connections between the skin and the platysma muscle are not affected, although most of the described techniques need a detachment of the platysma muscle from the skin and a suture of the anterior border via a submental approach. Furthermore, the posterior border of the platysma muscle is not modified by aging. This explains why it is useless to detach this structure. The principles of the proposed technique are fundamentally different. Lore's fascia is used as a guide for approaching the trunk of the facial nerve. Labbé and colleagues have done an anatomic study of this procedure. It allows a solid anchoring of the platysma muscle, which is not detached from the skin. This is the key to the operation because the skin and the muscle are elevated en bloc. The author demonstrates that the absence of separation between skin and muscle, particularly at the cervical level, is a very efficient means for correcting platysma bands and for obtaining good definition of the cervicomental angle.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Female; Humans; Ligaments; Male; Middle Aged; Neck Muscles; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Rejuvenation; Skin Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 18305986
DOI: 10.1007/s00266-007-9111-9 -
Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2019To evaluate axial length (AL) measurements and refractive outcomes in vitrectomy combined with cataract operation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with wholly... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To evaluate axial length (AL) measurements and refractive outcomes in vitrectomy combined with cataract operation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with wholly detached macula.
STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective, consecutive, comparative, clinical study.
METHODS
We reviewed the data of patients treated by vitrectomy combined with cataract operation for RRD. The group "Attach" (n=31) consisted of eyes in which retina was not detached within 1.5 disc diameters from the foveal center, and the group "Detach" (n=33) consisted of eyes in which that area was detached entirely. Only those eyes inthe group "Detach", only the eyes (n=20) which AL were measured similar to those fellow eyes were compared to the group "Attach" (n=31). Refractive shift (RS) was defined as the average of the difference between postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) and predicted SE.
RESULTS
AL was well measured by A-scan ultrasonography (A-scan) in all 31 eyes of the group "Attach" and their RS was ‒0.57 diopters (D). AL was measured by A-scan similar to the fellow eye in 20 of 33 eyes (60.6%) of the group "Detach", and the RS was ‒0.09 D. The AL difference as much as central subfield macular thickness (about 300um) can make this difference of RS (0.48 D, P=0.025) CONCLUSION: When AL can be measured by A-scan similar to its fellow eye in RRD with wholly detached macula, RS would be smaller than that of the wholly attached macula after phacovitrectomy. It assumed that AL was measured from the RPE under the detached macula in RRD with wholly detached macula.
Topics: Axial Length, Eye; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Macula Lutea; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Period; Refraction, Ocular; Retinal Detachment; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography; Visual Acuity; Vitrectomy
PubMed: 31006060
DOI: 10.1007/s10384-019-00667-6 -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2021Microplastic pollution is a growing environmental concern among the scientific community. These small particles (<5 mm) might come from the fragmentation or direct...
Microplastic pollution is a growing environmental concern among the scientific community. These small particles (<5 mm) might come from the fragmentation or direct emission of artificial and synthetic polymers. Among them, the microfibers (MF) are one of the most common types of microplastics identified in the environment. On the other hand, the most encountered type of garbage found in clean-up campaigns is the cigarette butts, which contains the smoked filters (SF) and unsmoked rests of tobacco. SFs are hazardous debris but are usually not properly disposed as such, and are composed of >15,000 strands that can be detached as MFs. This study aims to evaluate the detachment rate, the acute aquatic toxicity, and the aquatic-, thermooxidative-, and photo-degradability of the MFs generated from SFs. In this way, it was found that SFs detach approximately 100 small MFs (<0.2 mm) per day. In a rough estimation, about 0.3 million tons of potential MFs might be annually reaching aquatic environments from this source. Concerning the eco-toxicity, a statistically significant difference was found when MFs are present in the leachate generated by the SFs, where the Daphnia magna EC100 and EC50 were of 0.620 SF/L and 0.017 SF/L, respectively. Finally, the degradability of the SFs was evaluated by applying two methods (ATR-FTIR analysis and gravimetry). In both of them, a low degradability rate was observed. Thus, it may be concluded that MFs from SFs constitute an important source of microplastics, which might partially explain the high concentration of artificial polymers that have been found in the deep-sea sediments. Yet, the correct management of the SFs is an unsolved issue that should receive urgent attention. CAPSULE: This work evaluates the detachment rate, toxicity, and degradability of the microfibers detached from the cigarette butts.
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Microplastics; Plastics; Smoke; Nicotiana; Tobacco Products; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 33360456
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144165 -
Eye (London, England) Dec 2021To evaluate the correlation between foveal changes in the detached retina in macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD) and visual acuity outcome following...
PURPOSE
To evaluate the correlation between foveal changes in the detached retina in macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD) and visual acuity outcome following repair.
DESIGN
Retrospective, consecutive, observational case series.
METHODS
Consecutive patients presenting with macula-off RRD between July 15 and September 15, 2017, underwent SD-OCT imaging and their medical records were reviewed. Specific OCT exam parameters were used to evaluate the fovea of the detached retina.
RESULTS
In total, 47 patients with macula-off RRD were treated from July 15 to September 15, 2017. Forty-four eyes of 44 patients could be imaged by SD-OCT and were included in the analysis. Univariate analysis demonstrated a correlation between the height of the detachment, the duration of symptoms, the presence of macular hole and epiretinal membrane to the final VA. Correlation was also found between the presence of MH and the height of the detachment. However, multiple regression analysis demonstrated only a statistically significant correlation between the presence of a macular hole or an epiretinal membrane to the final VA.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study is the first to demonstrate the significance of foveal changes in the pathogenesis of lost vision in macula-off retinal detachments. The high rate of macular holes and the correlation between the MH and the height of the detachment suggest that elevated tension in the fovea in high detachments might play a significant role in the visual outcome of macula-off RRD following repair.
Topics: Epiretinal Membrane; Humans; Macula Lutea; Retinal Detachment; Retinal Perforations; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Vitrectomy
PubMed: 33514905
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01399-z -
Archives of Ophthalmology (Chicago,... May 1993We report on retinal detachments in six eyes of four patients with incontinentia pigmenti. These nonrhegmatogenous traction retinal detachments are characterized by...
We report on retinal detachments in six eyes of four patients with incontinentia pigmenti. These nonrhegmatogenous traction retinal detachments are characterized by extensive preretinal and vitreous fibrous organization that pull the retina anteriorly behind the lens. The clinical course and fundus appearance of the retinal detachments, beginning with the avascular peripheral retina and leading to traction retinal detachment, are similar to those of cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity. Vitreous surgery was performed on three eyes (two patients), with partial reattachment of a total retinal detachment in one eye and complete reattachment of a partial retinal detachment in a second eye. These cases represent the first successful surgical interventions reported for retinal detachment in incontinentia pigmenti.
Topics: Child; Female; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Incontinentia Pigmenti; Infant; Retinal Detachment; Vitrectomy
PubMed: 8489439
DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090050048026 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022Adherent cell cultures are often dissociated from their culture vessel (and each other) through enzymatic harvesting, where the detachment response is monitored by an...
Adherent cell cultures are often dissociated from their culture vessel (and each other) through enzymatic harvesting, where the detachment response is monitored by an operator. However, this approach is lacking standardisation and reproducibility, and prolonged exposure or too high concentrations can affect the cell's viability and differentiation potential. Quantitative monitoring systems are required to characterise the cell detachment response and objectively determine the optimal time-point to inhibit the enzymatic reaction. State-of-the-art methodologies rely on bulky imaging systems and/or features (e.g. circularity) that lack robustness. In this study, lens-free imaging (LFI) technology was used to develop a novel cell detachment feature. Seven different donors were cultured and subsequently harvested with a (diluted) enzymatic harvesting solution after 3, 5 and 7 days of culture. Cell detachment was captured with the LFI set-up over a period of 20 min (every 20 s) and by optimising the reconstruction of the LFI intensity images, a new feature could be identified. Bright regions in the intensity image were identified as detaching cells and using image analysis, a method was developed to automatically extract this feature, defined as the percentage of detached cell regions. Next, the method was quantitatively and qualitatively validated on a diverse set of images. Average absolute error values of 1.49%, 1.34% and 1.97% were obtained for medium to high density and overconfluent cultures, respectively. The detachment response was quantified for all conditions and the optimal time for enzyme inhibition was reached when approximately 92.5% of the cells were detached. On average, inhibition times of 9.6-11.1 and 16.2-17.2 min were obtained for medium to high density and overconfluent cultures, respectively. In general, overconfluent cultures detached much slower, while their detachment rate was also decreased by the diluted harvesting solution. Moreover, several donors exhibited similar trends in cell detachment behaviour, with two clear outliers. Using the novel feature, measurements can be performed with an increased robustness, while the compact LFI design could pave the way for in situ monitoring in a variety of culture vessels, including bioreactors.
Topics: Reproducibility of Results; Cell Culture Techniques; Lens, Crystalline; Lenses; Diagnostic Imaging
PubMed: 36564377
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22561-x -
Cells Nov 2023In preparing space and microgravity experiments, the utilization of ground-based facilities is common for initial experiments and feasibility studies. One approach to...
In preparing space and microgravity experiments, the utilization of ground-based facilities is common for initial experiments and feasibility studies. One approach to simulating microgravity conditions on Earth is to employ a random positioning machine (RPM) as a rotary bioreactor. Combined with a suitable low-mass model system, such as cell cultures, these devices simulating microgravity have been shown to produce results similar to those obtained in a space experiment under real microgravity conditions. One of these effects observed under real and simulated microgravity is the formation of spheroids from 2D adherent cancer cell cultures. Since real microgravity cannot be generated in a laboratory on Earth, we aimed to determine which forces lead to the detachment of individual FTC-133 thyroid cancer cells and the formation of tumor spheroids during culture with exposure to random positioning modes. To this end, we subdivided the RPM motion into different static and dynamic orientations of cell culture flasks. We focused on the molecular activation of the mechanosignaling pathways previously associated with spheroid formation in microgravity. Our results suggest that RPM-induced spheroid formation is a two-step process. First, the cells need to be detached, induced by the cell culture flask's rotation and the subsequent fluid flow, as well as the presence of air bubbles. Once the cells are detached and in suspension, random positioning prevents sedimentation, allowing 3D aggregates to form. In a comparative shear stress experiment using defined fluid flow paradigms, transcriptional responses were triggered comparable to exposure of FTC-133 cells to the RPM. In summary, the RPM serves as a simulator of microgravity by randomizing the impact of Earth's gravity vector especially for suspension (i.e., detached) cells. Simultaneously, it simulates physiological shear forces on the adherent cell layer. The RPM thus offers a unique combination of environmental conditions for in vitro cancer research.
Topics: Humans; Cell Culture Techniques; Weightlessness; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 37998400
DOI: 10.3390/cells12222665