-
American Family Physician Nov 2020Central retinal artery occlusions, chemical injuries, mechanical globe injuries, and retinal detachments are eye emergencies that can result in permanent vision loss if...
Central retinal artery occlusions, chemical injuries, mechanical globe injuries, and retinal detachments are eye emergencies that can result in permanent vision loss if not treated urgently. Family physicians should be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of each condition and be able to perform a basic eye examination. Patients with a central retinal artery occlusion require urgent referral for stroke evaluation and should receive therapy to lower intraocular pressure and vasodilating agents to minimize retinal ischemia. Chemical injuries require immediate irrigation of the eye to neutralize the pH of the ocular surface. A globe laceration or rupture is common in patients with a recent history of trauma from a blunt or penetrating object. Physicians should administer prophylactic oral antibiotics after a globe injury to prevent endophthalmitis. The eye should be covered with a metal shield until evaluation by an ophthalmologist. Patients with symptomatic floaters and flashing lights should be referred to an ophthalmologist for a dilated funduscopic examination to evaluate for a retinal tear or detachment.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Consultants; Eye Injuries; Humans; Male; Retinal Artery Occlusion; Retinal Detachment
PubMed: 33118787
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Ophthalmology 2017Paediatric retinal detachment (PRD) is an uncommon and challenging disease; it differs from adult detachments in etiology, anatomical characteristics, management and... (Review)
Review
Paediatric retinal detachment (PRD) is an uncommon and challenging disease; it differs from adult detachments in etiology, anatomical characteristics, management and prognosis. PRDs can be particularly challenging, even for the most expert paediatric surgeons due to the higher prevalence of total retinal detachments, late diagnosis and bilateral involvement with respect to those which occur in adulthood. Moreover, the anatomical success, when achieved, is frequently not related to a functional recover. Postsurgical adverse events, refractive errors and amblyopia may additionally undermine the final outcome. Up to date there are few reviews regarding the approach of retinal detachment in children, mainly dealing with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. In this review, rhegmatogenous, retinopathy of prematurity-related and Coats'-related PRDs were considered. The available literature from the last decades were reviewed and summarized. Epidemiology, etiology and clinical presentation, together with therapeutic approaches and outcomes have been reviewed and discussed.
PubMed: 29062781
DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.10.18 -
Plant-environment Interactions... Aug 2021Leaf level gas-exchange measurements can be made on detached foliage to address the challenge of access to the crown of tall trees. However, detachment may impact leaf...
Leaf level gas-exchange measurements can be made on detached foliage to address the challenge of access to the crown of tall trees. However, detachment may impact leaf gas exchange. This necessitates the study of gas-exchange characteristics of foliage on detached branches to assess the feasibility of using detached branches for gas-exchange analysis. We compared photosynthetic parameters and stomatal conductance in foliage of attached and detached branches of balsam fir [ (L.) Mill.] during the growing season. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effect model, with fixed and random effects (branch status and measurement month, and tree number, respectively). Branch detachment had no significant effects on: (i) photosynthesis at the current ambient CO concentration (400 µmol mol, ); (ii) maximum rates of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation ( ) and regeneration ( ); (iii) the ratio of to (i.e., : ), and (iv) stomatal conductance ( ) during the study period ( = 0.120-0.335). There was a strong seasonal effect on all gas-exchange variables ( ≤ 0.001-0.015). Gas-exchange measurements made on detached foliage during the warm summer months should be performed with care. Reliable gas-exchange measurements can be obtained using balsam fir foliage on detached branches 50-80 cm in length, in cooler growing-season months, up to 30 min after detachment.
PubMed: 37283699
DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10059 -
Cell May 2018The detachment of plant organs is highly choreographed, requiring the enzymatic dissolution of the middle lamella between cell layers at the base of the detaching organ....
The detachment of plant organs is highly choreographed, requiring the enzymatic dissolution of the middle lamella between cell layers at the base of the detaching organ. Now, Lee et al. demonstrate that abscission efficiency and plant health rely on the spatial confinement of enzymatic activity and mechanical features that ensure a smooth separation.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Cell Wall; Lignin
PubMed: 29856951
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.025 -
Proceedings. Biological Sciences Mar 2021Animals can be permanently attached to a substrate in terrestrial environments at certain stages of their development. Pupa adhesion has evolved multiple times in...
Animals can be permanently attached to a substrate in terrestrial environments at certain stages of their development. Pupa adhesion has evolved multiple times in insects and is thought to maintain the animal in a place where it is not detectable by predators. Here, we investigate whether pupa adhesion in can also protect the animal by preventing potential predators from detaching the pupa. We measured the adhesion of species sampled from the same area and found that pupa adhesion varies among species, which can be explained by different glue production strategies. Then, we compared attached and manually detached pupae in both field and laboratory assays to investigate the role of pupa adhesion to prevent predation. First, we found that attached pupae remain onsite 30% more than detached pupae in the field after 3 days, probably because they are less predated. Second, we observed that attached pupae are less efficiently predated by ants in the laboratory: they are not carried back to the ant nest and more ants are needed to consume them onsite. Our results show that pupa adhesion can prevent the animal from being taken away by predators and is crucial for fly survival.
Topics: Animals; Ants; Drosophila; Insecta; Predatory Behavior; Pupa
PubMed: 33726597
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0088 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Dec 2018Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair is one of the most common vitreoretinal surgeries a surgeon performs. In an ideal scenario, RRD can be repaired with a... (Review)
Review
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair is one of the most common vitreoretinal surgeries a surgeon performs. In an ideal scenario, RRD can be repaired with a single surgical intervention; however, despite excellent skill, flawless technique, and the introduction of high-end technology, up to 10% of cases require additional interventions to ultimately repair recurrent detachments. It is thus important to study the outcomes of multiple interventions to understand whether performing repeat vitrectomy on patients with a history of failed surgeries is worthwhile. Thus, recurrent retinal detachment (re-RD) remains a significant challenge for vitreoretinal surgeons as well as the patients considering the economic and the emotional burden of undergoing multiple interventions. The advent of microincision vitrectomy system, perfluorocarbon liquids, and effective intraocular tamponades has opened new doors for managing re-RDs. In this article, we have reviewed and summarized the various causes and approaches for management for optimal anatomical and functional outcomes.
Topics: Disease Management; Humans; Recurrence; Retinal Detachment; Scleral Buckling; Treatment Outcome; Visual Acuity; Vitrectomy
PubMed: 30451176
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1212_18 -
Frontiers in Robotics and AI 2021Collaborative robots promise to add flexibility to production cells thanks to the fact that they can work not only humans but also humans. The possibility of a direct...
Collaborative robots promise to add flexibility to production cells thanks to the fact that they can work not only humans but also humans. The possibility of a direct physical interaction between humans and robots allows to perform operations that were inconceivable with industrial robots. Collaborative soft grippers have been recently introduced to extend this possibility beyond the robot end-effector, making humans able to directly act on robotic hands. In this work, we propose to exploit collaborative grippers in a novel paradigm in which these devices can be easily attached and detached from the robot arm and used also independently from it. This is possible only with self-powered hands, that are still quite uncommon in the market. In the presented paradigm not only hands can be attached/detached to/from the robot end-effector as if they were simple tools, but they can also remain active and fully functional after detachment. This ensures all the advantages brought in by tool changers, that allow for quick and possibly automatic tool exchange at the robot end-effector, but also gives the possibility of using the hand capabilities and degrees of freedom without the need of an arm or of external power supplies. In this paper, the concept of is introduced and demonstrated through two illustrative tasks conducted with a new tool changer designed for collaborative grippers. The novel tool changer embeds electromagnets that are used to add safety during attach/detach operations. The activation of the electromagnets is controlled through a wearable interface capable of providing tactile feedback. The usability of the system is confirmed by the evaluations of 12 users.
PubMed: 34222348
DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.644532 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Mar 2008Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a disease of the retina characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina secondary to one or more focal lesions of... (Review)
Review
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a disease of the retina characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina secondary to one or more focal lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). CSC occurs most frequently in mid-life and more often in men than in women. Major symptoms are blurred vision, usually in one eye only and perceived typically by the patient as a dark spot in the centre of the visual field with associated micropsia and metamorphopsia. Normal vision often recurs spontaneously within a few months. The condition can be precipitated by psychosocial stress and hypercortisolism. Ophthalmoscopic signs of CSC range from mono- or paucifocal RPE lesions with prominent elevation of the neurosensory retina by clear fluid - typical of cases of recent onset - to shallow detachments overlying large patches of irregularly depigmented RPE. The spectrum of lesions includes RPE detachments. Granular or fibrinous material may accumulate in the subretinal cavity. Serous detachment often resolves spontaneously. From first contact, counselling about the potential relation to stress and glucocorticoid medication is warranted. After 3 months without resolution of acute CSC or in chronic CSC, treatment should be considered. Resolution of detachment can usually be achieved in acute CSC by focal photocoagulation of leaking RPE lesions or, in chronic CSC, by photodynamic therapy. The effect of therapy on long-term visual outcome is insufficiently documented. Reattachment within 4 months of onset is considered a relevant therapeutic target because prolonged detachment is associated with photoreceptor atrophy. This suggests that the value of treatment depends upon proper selection of cases that will not resolve without therapy. Chronic CSC may be difficult to differentiate from occult choroidal neovascularization secondary to CSC. Patients with chronic CSC who receive glucocorticoid treatment for systemic disease can often be managed without having to discontinue this medication.
Topics: Choroid Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Pigment Epithelium of Eye; Retinal Detachment; Retinal Diseases; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 17662099
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00889.x -
Scientific Reports Sep 2021To investigate local cell death differences in the attached and detached retina at different regions in a murine experimental retinal detachment model. Subretinal...
To investigate local cell death differences in the attached and detached retina at different regions in a murine experimental retinal detachment model. Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate was performed in eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice. Retinal regions of interest were defined in relation to their distance from the peak of the retinal detachment, as follows: (1) attached central; (2) attached paracentral; (3) detached apex; and (4) detached base. At day 0, the outer nuclear layer cell count for the attached central, attached paracentral, detached apex, and detached base was 1247.60 ± 64.62, 1157.80 ± 163.33, 1264.00 ± 150.7, and 1013.80 ± 67.16 cells, respectively. There were significant differences between the detached base vs. attached central, and between detached base vs. detached apex at day 0. The detached apex region displayed a significant and progressive cell count reduction from day 0 to 14. In contrast, the detached base region did not show progressive retinal degeneration in this model. Moreover, only the detached apex region had a significant and progressive cell death rate compared to baseline. Immediate confounding changes with dramatic differences in cell death rates are present across regions of the detached retina. We speculate that mechanical and regional differences in the bullous detached retina can modify the rate of cell death in this model.
Topics: Animals; Cell Death; Disease Models, Animal; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate; Retinal Detachment
PubMed: 34552137
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97947-4