-
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Sep 2023While photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has emerged as a novel sterilization strategy for drinking water treatment that recently attracted tremendous attention, its...
While photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has emerged as a novel sterilization strategy for drinking water treatment that recently attracted tremendous attention, its efficiency needs to be further improved. In this study, we aimed to clarify the ultraefficient mechanism by which potassium iodide (KI) potentiates octyl gallate (OG)-mediated PDI against bacteria and biofilms in water. When OG (0.15 mM) and bacteria were exposed to blue light (BL, 420 nm, 210 mW/cm), complete sterilization (>7.5 Log cfu/mL of killing) was achieved by the addition of KI (250 mM) within only 5 min (63.9 J/cm). In addition, at lower doses of OG (0.1 mM) with KI (100 mM), the biofilm was completely eradicated within 10 min (127.8 J/cm). The KI-potentiated mechanism involves in situ rapid photogeneration of a multitude of reactive oxygen species, especially hydroxyl radicals (OH), reactive iodine species, and new photocytocidal substances (quinone) by multiple photochemical pathways, which led to the destruction of cell membranes and membrane proteins, the cleavage of genomic DNA and extracellular DNA within biofilms, and the degradation of QS signaling molecules. This multitarget synergistic strategy provided new insights into the development of an environmentally friendly, safe, and ultraefficient photodynamic drinking water sterilization technology.
Topics: Potassium Iodide; Drinking Water; Bacteria; Biofilms
PubMed: 37671932
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03182 -
JAMA May 1965
Topics: Drug Hypersensitivity; Fever; Humans; Iodides; Potassium Iodide; Toxicology
PubMed: 14284856
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1965.03080190137034 -
Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Mar 2021This study was performed to compare the use of methylene blue (MB) and rose bengal (RB) in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) targeting Enterococcus faecalis (E....
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to compare the use of methylene blue (MB) and rose bengal (RB) in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) targeting Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) bacteria in planktonic and biofilm forms with potassium iodide (KI) potentiation.
STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS
E. faecalis bacteria in planktonic form were exposed to antimicrobial PDT protocols activating MB and RB, with or without KI potentiation, following laser irradiation with different exposure times, 60 mW/cm laser power, and different photosensitizer agent (PS)/potentiator concentrations to observe relationships among the variables. Two continuous-wave diode lasers were used for irradiation (red light: λ = 660 nm and green light: λ = 565 nm). The pre-irradiation time was 10 minutes. The vitality of E. faecalis biofilm was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The effects on the proliferation of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) were analyzed by cell counting kit-8 assay. The staining effect of antimicrobial PDT on dentin slices was investigated. Statistical analysis using a one-way analysis of variance was done.
RESULTS
KI-potentiated RB and MB antimicrobial PDT both effectively eradicated E. faecalis bacteria in planktonic and biofilm forms. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of PSs (±100 mM KI) were obtained through PDT on planktonic E. faecalis, and the optimal light parameters were 60 mW/cm , 6 J/cm for 100 seconds. KI-potentiated PDT effectively strengthened the ability to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm with 86.50 ± 5.78% for MB (P = 0.0015 < 0.01) and 91.50 ± 1.75% for RB (P = 0.0418 < 0.05) of bactericidal rate, with less toxicity for SCAPs (P < 0.001) and less staining. KI could reduce the staining induced by antimicrobial PDT on dentin slices.
CONCLUSION
A combination of KI and antimicrobial PDT may be a useful alternative to conventional disinfection methods in endodontic treatment. MB and RB antimicrobial PDT at much lower concentrations with KI could hopefully achieve disinfection effects comparable with those of 1.5% NaClO while causing few adverse effects on SCAPs. KI helps to avoid staining problems associated with high concentrations of photosensitizer agents. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, LLC.
Topics: Enterococcus faecalis; Methylene Blue; Photochemotherapy; Potassium Iodide; Rose Bengal
PubMed: 32662529
DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23299 -
Mycoses Aug 2014The saturated potassium iodide solution (SSKI) as treatment for sporotrichosis may cause hypothyroidism by suppressing the synthesis of thyroid hormones (tT3 and tT4 )...
The saturated potassium iodide solution (SSKI) as treatment for sporotrichosis may cause hypothyroidism by suppressing the synthesis of thyroid hormones (tT3 and tT4 ) and the iodine excess could lead to thyrotoxicosis. Evaluating the changes in serum levels of TSH, tT3 and tT4 in euthyroid patients with sporotrichosis treated with SSKI. For the selection of euthyroid patients, TSH, tT3 and tT4 concentrations were measured for those adults and children diagnosed with sporotrichosis. Each paediatric patient was administered SSKI orally in increasing doses of 2-20 drops/3 times/day and 4-40 drops/3 times/day in adults. Serum concentrations of TSH, tT3 and tT4 were measured 20 days after started the treatment and 15 days posttreatment. Eight euthyroid patients aged between 2 to 65 years old were included. After 20 days of treatment, two suffered subclinical hypothyroidism, one developed subclinical hyperthyroidism, and one hyperthyroxinaemia euthyroid. At 15 days posttreatment only four patients were evaluated and all serum levels of TSH, tT3 and tT4 were normal. Some euthyroid patients with sporotrichosis can develop hyperthyroidism or subclinical iodine-induced hypothyroidism, during the administration of 3 or 6 g SSKI/day.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium Iodide; Sporotrichosis; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Young Adult
PubMed: 24635765
DOI: 10.1111/myc.12182 -
DICP : the Annals of Pharmacotherapy May 1989The Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear emergency in the U.S. in March 1979 marked the first occasion when use of potassium iodide (KI) was considered for thyroid blocking...
The Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear emergency in the U.S. in March 1979 marked the first occasion when use of potassium iodide (KI) was considered for thyroid blocking of the population in the vicinity of a potentially serious release of fission products from a nuclear power reactor. In face of a demand that could not be satisfied by commercial supplies of low-dose KI drug products from the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, the Food and Drug Administration directed the manufacture and stockpiling of sufficient quantities of saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) to provide protection for one million people in the event of a large-scale release of radioiodines. Although the drug was not used, the experience of producing, stockpiling, and making ready for use a large quantity of the drug resulted in significant public policy, regulatory, and logistical issues. A number of these issues have been resolved through scientific debate and consensus, development of official guidance regarding the proper role of KI in nuclear emergencies, and the approval of New Drug Applications for KI products specifically intended for thyroid blocking in nuclear emergencies. Other issues regarding broad-scale implementation of the guidelines remain today. This paper traces the history of the development and implementation of the use of KI from pre-TMI to the present.
Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Antithyroid Agents; Humans; Nuclear Reactors; Pennsylvania; Potassium Iodide; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 2471366
DOI: 10.1177/106002808902300512 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Dec 2023To investigate the response of pulp cells to the application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) on demineralized dentin.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the response of pulp cells to the application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) on demineralized dentin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The occlusal surfaces of human dentin discs (0.4 mm thick) with similar permeability were subjected to an artificial caries protocol, and then the discs were adapted into artificial pulp chambers. MDPC-23 cells were seeded on the healthy pulp dentin surface, while the demineralized surface was treated with SDF, KI, SDF + KI, or hydrogen peroxide (positive control-PC) (n = 8). The negative control (NC) received ultrapure water. After 24 h, cell viability (alamarBlue) and morphology (SEM) were evaluated. The extracts were then applied to new MDPC-23 cells seeded in culture plates to assess their viability and the formation of mineralized nodules (MN; Alizarin Red) after seven days. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance/Tukey or Games-Howell tests (α = 5%).
RESULTS
SDF and PC significantly reduced the viability of cells seeded on discs (45.6% and 71.0%, respectively). Only cells treated with SDF or PC detached from the dentin substrate, while the remaining cells showed altered morphology. Cells in contact with extracts showed less reduction in viability, but it was still more toxic compared to NC. Only PC reduced MN deposition. SDF + KI or KI alone did not affect the cell response.
CONCLUSIONS
SDF applied alone showed a mild to moderate transdentinal cytotoxic effect on pulp cells. However, the combination of SDF + KI reduced the cytotoxic effects. Both materials used alone or in combination did not affect the mineralization ability of pulp cells.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Besides improving esthetic results, associating potassium iodide with silver diamine fluoride may reduce the transdentinal cytotoxic effects of this cariostatic agent on pulp cells.
Topics: Humans; Potassium Iodide; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dentin; Esthetics, Dental; Fluorides, Topical; Dental Caries; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 37853265
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05320-8 -
Lancet (London, England) Jun 1971
Topics: Animals; Culture Techniques; Cyclophosphamide; Drug Synergism; Leukemia L1210; Mice; Potassium Iodide
PubMed: 4103105
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91759-4 -
Caries Research 2023The aim of this study was to conduct a three-dimensional (3D) evaluation of radiographic changes after indirect pulp capping (IPC) with silver diamine fluoride (SDF)... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Three-Dimensional Assessment of Radiographic Changes after Indirect Pulp Capping Using Silver Diamine Fluoride with or without Potassium Iodide in Young Permanent Teeth (12-Month RCT).
The aim of this study was to conduct a three-dimensional (3D) evaluation of radiographic changes after indirect pulp capping (IPC) with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) with or without potassium iodide (KI) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) in deep carious young permanent molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). 108 first permanent molars with deep occlusal cavitated caries lesions, in forty-nine 6- to 9-year-old children, were randomly allocated to one of 3 groups (n = 36) and treated with SDF+KI, SDF, and RMGIC as IPC materials. CBCT scans were taken at 0 and 12 months to assess tertiary dentin formation (volume and grey level intensity), increase in root length, and pathological changes such as secondary caries, periapical radiolucency, internal resorption, and obliteration of the pulp. The 3D image analysis procedures were performed using ITK-SNAP and 3D Slicer CMF. Comparisons were made using analysis of variance with a fixed effect for treatment and random effects for patient and patient-by-treatment to account for within-patient correlations. A two-sided 5% significance level was used. There were no significant differences among the three groups regarding tertiary dentin volume (p = 0.712) and grey level intensity (p = 0.660), increase in root length (p = 0.365), prevention of secondary caries (p = 0.63), and periapical radiolucency (p = 0.80) in the analysed 69 CBCT scans. The study did not find differences among the groups regarding quality and quantity of tertiary dentin formed, increase in root length, absence of secondary caries, and other signs of failure as shown by CBCT. Clinical Significance: The results show no significant differences in radiographic outcomes (quality and quantity of tertiary dentin formed, increase in root length, absence of secondary caries, and other signs of failure) when using SDF+KI, SDF, and RMGIC in IPC. The results of this study can help guide treatment decision-making regarding use of SDF and SDF+KI as IPC materials in deep cavitated lesions.
Topics: Child; Humans; Potassium Iodide; Dental Pulp Capping; Dentin; Fluorides, Topical; Dental Caries; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Glass Ionomer Cements
PubMed: 36878216
DOI: 10.1159/000529893 -
Thyroid : Official Journal of the... Apr 2012
Topics: Earthquakes; Environmental Pollution; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Japan; Potassium Iodide; Radioactive Hazard Release; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tsunamis
PubMed: 22458972
DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.2204.com -
Journal of Photochemistry and... Jan 2018We recently reported that addition of the non-toxic salt, potassium iodide can potentiate antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of a broad-spectrum of microorganisms,...
We recently reported that addition of the non-toxic salt, potassium iodide can potentiate antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of a broad-spectrum of microorganisms, producing many extra logs of killing. If the photosensitizer (PS) can bind to the microbial cells, then delivering light in the presence of KI produces short-lived reactive iodine species, while if the cells are added after light the killing is caused by molecular iodine produced as a result of singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation of iodide. In an attempt to show the importance of PS-bacterial binding, we compared two charged porphyrins, TPPS4 (thought to be anionic and not able to bind to Gram-negative bacteria) and TMPyP4 (considered cationic and well able to bind to bacteria). As expected TPPS4+light did not kill Gram-negative Escherichia coli, but surprisingly when 100mM KI was added, it was highly effective (eradication at 200nM+10J/cm of 415nm light). TPPS4 was more effective than TMPyP4 in eradicating the Gram-positive bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the fungal yeast Candida albicans (regardless of KI). TPPS4 was also highly active against E. coli after a centrifugation step when KI was added, suggesting that the supposedly anionic porphyrin bound to bacteria and Candida. This was confirmed by uptake experiments. We compared the phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate derivative (ClAlPCS4), which did not bind to bacteria or allow KI-mediated killing of E. coli after a spin, suggesting it was truly anionic. We conclude that TPPS4 behaves as if it has some cationic character in the presence of bacteria, which may be related to its delivery from suppliers in the form of a dihydrochloride salt.
Topics: Anions; Anti-Infective Agents; Candida albicans; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microscopy, Confocal; Photosensitizing Agents; Porphyrins; Potassium Iodide
PubMed: 29172135
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.036