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Future Medicinal Chemistry Sep 2019Tetracyclines are well established antibiotics but show phototoxicity as a side effect. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation uses nontoxic dyes combined with harmless... (Review)
Review
Tetracyclines are well established antibiotics but show phototoxicity as a side effect. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation uses nontoxic dyes combined with harmless light to destroy microbial cells by reactive oxygen species. Tetracyclines (demeclocycline and doxycycline) can act as light-activated antibiotics by binding to bacterial cells and killing them only upon illumination. The remaining tetracyclines can prevent bacterial regrowth after illumination has ceased. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation can be potentiated by potassium iodide. Azide quenched the formation of iodine, but not hydrogen peroxide. Demeclotetracycline (but not doxycycline) iodinated tyrosine after light activation in the presence of potassium iodide. Bacteria are killed by photoactivation of tetracyclines in the absence of oxygen. Since topical tetracyclines are already used clinically, blue light activation may increase the bactericidal effect.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Light; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Tetracyclines
PubMed: 31544504
DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0513 -
Heliyon Jul 2023Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is emerging as a promising way to treat infections with minimal side effects. Typically, a single photosensitizer used in photodynamic...
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is emerging as a promising way to treat infections with minimal side effects. Typically, a single photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy is capable of generating only one type of reactive oxygen species, which may have inadequate capability to eradicate certain types of microbes, especially species. Thus, the use of combined photosensitizers is examined as a means of achieving superior antimicrobial results. We postulate that bisdemethoxycurcumin, a type I reactive oxygen species generator, combined with potassium iodide, an antimicrobial iodide molecule, might exhibit superior antimicrobial effects compared to a single photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy. The effects of bisdemethoxycurcumin + potassium iodide + dental blue light on reduction were examined. biofilms were treated with 20, 40 or 80 μM bisdemethoxycurcumin, 100 mM potassium iodide or a combination of these species for 20 min before irradiation with a dental blue light (90 J/cm). The negative and positive controls were phosphate buffer saline and nystatin at 1 : 100,000 units/ml, respectively. Candidal numbers were quantified at 0, 1, 6 and 24 h. Hydroxyl radicals were spectrophotometrically measured using 2-[6-(4'amino phynoxyl-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl)] benzoic acid or APF probe-mediated fluorescence intensity (Varioskan) at 490/515 nm (excitation/emission). Candidal counts and hydroxyl radical comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way ANOVA, respectively. Correlations between candidal numbers and hydroxyl radical levels were done with a Pearson correlation test. Forty μM bisdemethoxycurcumin+100 mM KI could provide a 3.5 log CFU/ml reduction after 6 h. Bisdemethoxycurcumin alone generated OH levels that were strongly correlated with candidal reduction. In conclusion, 40 μM bisdemethoxycurcumin+100 mM KI could reduce biofilm.
PubMed: 37455953
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17490 -
Drug Development Research Feb 2019The relentless rise of antibiotic resistance is considered one of the most serious problems facing mankind. This mini-review will cover three cutting-edge approaches... (Review)
Review
The relentless rise of antibiotic resistance is considered one of the most serious problems facing mankind. This mini-review will cover three cutting-edge approaches that use light-based techniques to kill antibiotic-resistant microbial species, and treat localized infections. First, we will discuss antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation using rationally designed photosensitizes combined with visible light, with the added possibility of strong potentiation by inorganic salts such as potassium iodide. Second, the use of blue and violet light alone that activates endogenous photoactive porphyrins within the microbial cells. Third, it is used for "safe UVC" at wavelengths between 200 nm and 230 nm that can kill microbial cells without damaging host mammalian cells. We have gained evidence that all these approaches can kill multidrug resistant bacteria in vitro, and they do not induce themselves any resistance, and moreover can treat animal models of localized infections caused by resistant species that can be monitored by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging. Light-based antimicrobial approaches are becoming a growing translational part of anti-infective treatments in the current age of resistance.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electromagnetic Fields; Humans; Light; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents
PubMed: 30070718
DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21453 -
Nano Letters Sep 2023The rapid proliferative biological behavior of primary foci of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) makes it a lethal tumor. According to the specific iodine uptake capacity...
The rapid proliferative biological behavior of primary foci of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) makes it a lethal tumor. According to the specific iodine uptake capacity of thyroid cells and enhanced endocytosis of ATC cells, we designed a kind of nanoclay drug-loading system and showed a promising treatment strategy for ATC. Introducing potassium iodide (KI) improves the homoaggregation of clay nanoparticles and then affects the distribution of nanoparticles in vivo, which makes KI@DOX-Kaolin enriched almost exclusively in thyroid tissue. Simultaneously, the improvement of dispersibility of KI@DOX-Kaolin changes the target uptake of ATC cells by improving the endocytosis and nanoparticle-induced autophagy, which regulate the production of autolysosomes and autophagy-enhanced chemotherapy, eventually contributing to a tumor inhibition rate of more than 90% in the primary foci of ATC. Therefore, this facile strategy to improve the homoaggregation of nanoclay by introducing KI has the potential to become an advanced drug delivery vehicle in ATC treatment.
Topics: Humans; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic; Potassium Iodide; Kaolin; Endocytosis; Drug Delivery Systems; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 37615624
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01984 -
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ :... Jan 2015The use of potassium iodide (KI) as a protective agent against accidental radioactive exposure is well established. In this study, we aimed to prepare a KI tablet...
The use of potassium iodide (KI) as a protective agent against accidental radioactive exposure is well established. In this study, we aimed to prepare a KI tablet formulation using a direct compression method. We utilized Design of Experiment (DoE)/mixture design to define the best formulation with predetermined physical qualities as to its dissolution, hardness, assay, disintegration, and angle of repose. Based on the results from the DoE, the formulation had the following components (%w/w): Avicel 48.70%, silicon dioxide 0.27%, stearic acid (1.00%), magnesium stearate 2.45%, and dicalcium phosphate 18.69%, in addition to potassium iodide 28.89% (130 mg/tablet). This formulation was scaled-up using two tablet presses, a single-punch press and a rotary mini tablet press. The final scaled-up formulation was subjected to a variety of quality control tests, including photo-stability testing. The results indicate that potassium iodide tablets prepared by a rotary mini tablet press had good pharmaceutical characteristics and a shelf-life of 25 days when stored at room temperature protected from light.
PubMed: 25685048
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.06.001 -
Journal of Oral Microbiology 2024Erythrosine+potassium iodide-mediated photodynamic therapy has shown an anticandidal effect. Single session, however, has inadequate fungal inhibition.
BACKGROUND
Erythrosine+potassium iodide-mediated photodynamic therapy has shown an anticandidal effect. Single session, however, has inadequate fungal inhibition.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to examine the effects of multiple aPDT sessions on inhibition and singlet oxygen formation.
METHODS
220 μM erythrosine +/-100 mM potassium iodide was applied to biofilms for 1 min prior to irradiation at 530±10 nm using a 250 mW/cm light-emitting diode. Negative and positive controls were phosphate buffer saline and nystatin, respectively. Single, double and triple irradiation sessions with a 5 min resting time between sessions were performed. Post-treatment candidal counts were done at 0, 1 6 and 24 hr while log colony forming unit/ml was calculated and compared using a Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc test at a <0.05 - Singlet oxygen amount was compared using one-way ANOVA with a post hoc test at a < 0.05.
RESULTS
Two and three irradiation sessions to erythrosine+potassium iodide could inhibit at 7.92 logCFU/ml ( < 0.001) . Singlet oxygen from a combination groups was significantly higher than for erythrosine (positive control). Moreover, the correlation coefficient (r) between singlet oxygen production and decreased counts was equal to 1.
CONCLUSION
Multiple sessions PDT of 220 μM erythrosine+100 mM potassium iodide effectively inhibited a biofilm.
PubMed: 38903483
DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2369357 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022() and () are prominent microbes associated with rapid and aggressive caries. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and...
() and () are prominent microbes associated with rapid and aggressive caries. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and mechanism of toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and potassium iodide (KI). The dependence of KI concentration, TBO concentration and light dose on the antimicrobial effect of aPDT plus KI was determined. The cytotoxicity of TBO-mediated aPDT plus KI was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. A singlet oxygen (O) probe test, time-resolved O detection, and a O quencher experiment were performed to evaluate the role of O during aPDT plus KI. The generation of iodine and hydrogen peroxide (HO) were analyzed by an iodine starch test and Amplex red assay. The anti-biofilm effect of TBO-mediated aPDT plus KI was also evaluated by counting forming unit (CFU) assay. KI could potentiate TBO-mediated aPDT against and in planktonic and biofilm states, which was safe for human dental pulp cells. O measurement showed that KI could quench O signals, implicating that O may act as a principal mediator to oxidize excess iodide ions to form iodine and HO. KI could highly potentiate TBO-mediated aPDT in eradicating and due to the synergistic effect of molecular iodine and HO.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodides; Iodine; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Potassium Iodide; Singlet Oxygen; Starch; Streptococcus mutans; Tolonium Chloride
PubMed: 36232675
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911373 -
Endocrine Journal Aug 2022The effectiveness of potassium iodide (KI) (100 mg/day) was evaluated in 504 untreated patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism (GD). Initial response to KI within 180...
The effectiveness of potassium iodide (KI) (100 mg/day) was evaluated in 504 untreated patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism (GD). Initial response to KI within 180 days, the effect of additional methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI) or radioactive iodine (RI) in resistant or escaped patients, and long-term prognosis were evaluated. Serum fT levels became low or normal in 422 patients (83.7%, KI-sensitive group) without serious side effects. Among these patients, serum TSH levels became high (n = 92, hypothyroid) or normal (n = 78) in 170 patients (33.7%) (KI-sensitive with a recovered TSH response, Group A), but remained suppressed in 252 patients (50.0%) (KI-sensitive with TSH suppression, Group B). Serum fT levels decreased but remained high in 82 patients (16.3%) (KI-resistant, Group C). Older patients, or those with small goiter and mild GD were more KI-sensitive with a recovered TSH response than others. Escape from KI effect occurred in 0%, 36% and 82% in Group A, B and C, respectively. Patients in Group B and C were successfully treated with additional low-dosage MMI or RI. After 2-23 years' treatment (n = 429), remission (including possible remission) and spontaneous hypothyroidism were significantly more frequent in Group A (74.3% and 11.1%, respectively,) than in Groups B (46.3% and 2.8%, respectively) or C (53.6% and 1.5%, respectively) (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, a high KI sensitivity with a recovered TSH response was observed in about a third of the patients in GD associated with a better prognosis. Additional MMI or RI therapy was effective in escaped or KI-resistant patients with suppressed TSH level.
Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodides; Iodine Radioisotopes; Methimazole; Potassium Iodide; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 35321988
DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ21-0436 -
Surgery Jan 2018Potassium iodide often is prescribed prior to thyroidectomy for Graves' disease, but the effect of potassium iodide on the ease and safety of thyroidectomy for Graves'...
BACKGROUND
Potassium iodide often is prescribed prior to thyroidectomy for Graves' disease, but the effect of potassium iodide on the ease and safety of thyroidectomy for Graves' is largely unknown.
METHODS
We conducted a prospective, cohort study of patients with Graves' disease undergoing thyroidectomy. For the first 8 months, no patients received potassium iodide; for the next 8 months, potassium iodide was added to the preoperative protocol for all patients. Outcomes included operative difficulty (based on the Thyroidectomy Difficulty Scale) and complications.
RESULTS
We included a total of 31 patients in the no potassium iodide group and 28 in the potassium iodide group. According to the Thyroidectomy Difficulty Scale, gland vascularity decreased in the potassium iodide group (mean score 2.6 vs 3.3, P = .04), but there were no differences in friability, fibrosis, or size of the thyroid or in overall difficulty of operation (P = not significant for all). Despite similar operative difficulty, patients prescribed potassium iodide were less likely to experience transient hypoparathyroidism (7% vs 26%, P = .018) and transient hoarseness (0% vs 16%, P = .009) compared with the no potassium iodide group.
CONCLUSION
Potassium iodide administration decreases gland vascularity, but does not change the overall difficulty of thyroidectomy. Preoperative use of potassium iodide solution was, however, associated with less transient hypoparathyroidism and transient hoarseness, suggesting that potassium iodide improves the safety of thyroidectomy for Graves' disease.
Topics: Adult; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Potassium Iodide; Prospective Studies; Thyroidectomy; Wisconsin; Young Adult
PubMed: 29108701
DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.03.030