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Bioorganic Chemistry Oct 2019Previous study demonstrated large scale production of trichochecenes which limited the discovery of novel metabolites in Trichoderma hypoxylon. By genetic deletion of...
Previous study demonstrated large scale production of trichochecenes which limited the discovery of novel metabolites in Trichoderma hypoxylon. By genetic deletion of trichothecene synthase encoding gene thtri5, we created the dereplication mutant which eliminated the production of trichothecenes. Through chemical isolation, we characterized a couple of rare new polycyclic lactones tricholactones A and B from the thtri5 deletion strain. The structures of these two compounds were well determined by NMR, HR-ESI-MS and IECD analysis.
Topics: Carbon-Carbon Lyases; Fungal Proteins; Gene Deletion; Mutation; Trichoderma; Trichothecenes, Type A; Trichothecenes, Type B
PubMed: 31430681
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103185 -
Trichoderma songyi sp. nov., a new species associated with the pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake).Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Oct 2014A new species, Trichoderma songyi, was found to be associated with the pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) in Korea. This species was isolated from three different...
A new species, Trichoderma songyi, was found to be associated with the pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) in Korea. This species was isolated from three different substrates: Tricholoma matsutake basidiomata, as well as roots of Pinus densiflora and soil in the fairy ring. Based on its molecular and phenotypic characteristics, we demonstrate that Trichoderma songyi is unique and distinguishable from closely related species. We performed phylogenetic analyses based on two molecular markers, the genes for both translation elongation factor 1-alpha and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Trichoderma songyi is closely related to Trichoderma koningii aggregate and Trichoderma caerulescens. Morphologically, Trichoderma songyi can be distinguished from these closely related taxa by its growth rates, colony morphology on PDA in darkness, and coconut-like odour. Due to the economic importance of the pine mushroom, the relationship between Trichoderma songyi and Tricholoma matsutake should be studied further.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; DNA, Fungal; Korea; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycological Typing Techniques; Peptide Elongation Factor 1; Phylogeny; Pinus; RNA Polymerase II; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma; Tricholoma
PubMed: 25052534
DOI: 10.1007/s10482-014-0230-4 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Oct 2020Develop quantitative assays (qPCR) to determine the detection threshold limits, colonization and persistence of Trichoderma gamsii, Trichoderma afroharzianum and T....
Quantification of Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma gamsii inoculants in soil, the wheat rhizosphere and in planta suppression of the crown rot pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum.
AIMS
Develop quantitative assays (qPCR) to determine the detection threshold limits, colonization and persistence of Trichoderma gamsii, Trichoderma afroharzianum and T. harzianum inoculants in cropping soils, the wheat rhizosphere and their in planta suppressive efficacy against the crown rot pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Trichoderma qPCR primers were designed from the internal transcribed spacer region of 5.8S rDNA and from sequences of DNA fragments diagnostic for each inoculant genotype. The minimum detection thresholds of qPCR assays varied between 1 × 10 (log 3) and 8 × 10 (log 4·9) conidia (genome) equivalents per gram of soil for multi- and single-copy target sequences, respectively and were independent of soil type. There was a strong correlation (r > 0·974) between culture-dependent and culture-independent (qPCR) quantification methods. In wheat bioassays, Trichoderma inoculants colonized rhizosphere soils and wheat roots at 56-112 days postemergence to a depth of 20 cm but were more abundant (P < 0·001) at 0-10 cm root depth, means ranging from 2 × 10 (log 2·3) to 4 × 10 (log 5·6) conidia equivalents per gram of rhizosphere soil or root tissue. Inoculants reduced (P < 0·001) F. pseudograminearum biomass in wheat crown and root tissue by up to 5754-fold and increased (P = 0·008) plant biomass, relative to the pathogen control.
CONCLUSIONS
The qPCR assays provided sensitive and accurate assessment of wheat root and rhizosphere soil colonization of Trichoderma inoculants. Strains persisted through to grain maturity at levels shown to significantly suppress F. pseudograminearum in planta.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The qPCR assays developed here were used to determine the wheat rhizosphere dynamics of T. harzianum, T. afroharzianum and T. gamsii inoculants and their suppressive efficacy against F. pseudograminearum in planta. These assays can be applied to monitor inoculant dynamics in suppressing crown rot and other wheat root diseases in the field.
Topics: Biological Control Agents; DNA, Fungal; Edible Grain; Fusarium; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots; Rhizosphere; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma; Triticum
PubMed: 32320112
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14670 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2012
Topics: Biology; Biotechnology; Fungal Proteins; Trichoderma
PubMed: 22210803
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.056424-0 -
Critical Reviews in Microbiology 1998Trichoderma, an anamorphic Hypocreaceae (class Ascomycetes), is common in the environment, especially in soils. Species of this genus have been used in the production of... (Review)
Review
Trichoderma, an anamorphic Hypocreaceae (class Ascomycetes), is common in the environment, especially in soils. Species of this genus have been used in the production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes, biological control of plant disease, biodegradation of chlorophenolic compounds, and soil bioremediation. They are also the cause of disease in commercially produced mushrooms. The species Trichoderma has not been clearly defined yet, despite being a very common fungus with an expanding number of applications. Therefore, we highlight the importance of the use of molecular techninques along with conventional methodologies based on morphological characters in order to achieve a "natural" taxonomic system for this group of fungi, as well as for any other complex group of fungi.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Food Microbiology; Industrial Microbiology; Pest Control, Biological; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma
PubMed: 9675511
DOI: 10.1080/10408419891294190 -
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious... Sep 2005Trichoderma species have been recognized to be pathogenic in immunosuppressed hosts with increasing frequency. Trichoderma species are responsible for continuous... (Review)
Review
Trichoderma species have been recognized to be pathogenic in immunosuppressed hosts with increasing frequency. Trichoderma species are responsible for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis and infections in immunocompromised patients with a hematologic malignancy or solid organ transplantation. Trichoderma longibrachiatum is the most common species involved in these infections. We report the first case of nonfatal pulmonary infection caused by Trichoderma viride in leukemia patient. It had a successful answer to new antifungal agents as voriconazole and caspofungin. Trichoderma viride was isolated from pulmonary aspirate culture from a 54-year-old female who had received chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. The minimal inhibitory concentrations for the organism were the following: amphotericin B (0.25 microg/mL) and voriconazole (2 microg/mL). Initially, she was treated unsuccessful with liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole and caspofungin were added later. The patient is alive. We report one case along review of the literature.
Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lung Diseases; Middle Aged; Mycoses; Opportunistic Infections; Trichoderma
PubMed: 15994049
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.04.009 -
PloS One 2020Fifty four Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil samples collected from garlic and onion crops in eight different sites in Brazil and were identified using...
Fifty four Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil samples collected from garlic and onion crops in eight different sites in Brazil and were identified using phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS region, tef1-α, cal, act and rpb2 sequences. The genetic variability of the recovered Trichoderma species was analysed by AFLP and their phenotypic variability determined using MALDI-TOF. The strain clusters from both typing techniques coincided with the taxonomic determinations made from phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma lentiforme, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma erinaceum, in the soil samples. We also identified and describe two new Trichoderma species, both in the harzianum clade of section Pachybasium, which we have named Trichoderma azevedoi sp. nov. and Trichoderma peberdyi sp. nov. The examined strains of both T. azevedoi (three strains) and T. peberdyi (12 strains) display significant genotypic and phenotypic variability, but form monophyletic clades with strong bootstrap and posterior probability support and are morphologically distinct from their respective most closely related species.
Topics: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; Biodiversity; Brazil; DNA, Fungal; Garlic; Mycological Typing Techniques; Onions; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Species Specificity; Trichoderma
PubMed: 32130211
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228485 -
BMC Genomics Jun 2019The growing importance of the ubiquitous fungal genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) requires understanding of its biology and evolution. Many Trichoderma species... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
The growing importance of the ubiquitous fungal genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) requires understanding of its biology and evolution. Many Trichoderma species are used as biofertilizers and biofungicides and T. reesei is the model organism for industrial production of cellulolytic enzymes. In addition, some highly opportunistic species devastate mushroom farms and can become pathogens of humans. A comparative analysis of the first three whole genomes revealed mycoparasitism as the innate feature of Trichoderma. However, the evolution of these traits is not yet understood.
RESULTS
We selected 12 most commonly occurring Trichoderma species and studied the evolution of their genome sequences. Trichoderma evolved in the time of the Cretaceous-Palaeogene extinction event 66 (±15) mya, but the formation of extant sections (Longibrachiatum, Trichoderma) or clades (Harzianum/Virens) happened in Oligocene. The evolution of the Harzianum clade and section Trichoderma was accompanied by significant gene gain, but the ancestor of section Longibrachiatum experienced rapid gene loss. The highest number of genes gained encoded ankyrins, HET domain proteins and transcription factors. We also identified the Trichoderma core genome, completely curated its annotation, investigated several gene families in detail and compared the results to those of other fungi. Eighty percent of those genes for which a function could be predicted were also found in other fungi, but only 67% of those without a predictable function.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study presents a time scaled pattern of genome evolution in 12 Trichoderma species from three phylogenetically distant clades/sections and a comprehensive analysis of their genes. The data offer insights in the evolution of a mycoparasite towards a generalist.
Topics: Biopolymers; Carbon; Evolution, Molecular; Extracellular Space; Fungal Proteins; Genes, Fungal; Genomics; Hydrolysis; Reproduction; Trichoderma
PubMed: 31189469
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5680-7 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Jul 2021To isolate endophytic Trichoderma species and investigate the potential for biological control of the root rot pathogen Armillaria mellea.
AIMS
To isolate endophytic Trichoderma species and investigate the potential for biological control of the root rot pathogen Armillaria mellea.
METHODS AND RESULTS
In all, 40 Trichoderma isolates were obtained from a range of host plants and identities were confirmed by ITS, rpb2 and tef1 sequence. When tested in dual culture assays for antagonism against A. mellea, Trichoderma isolates overgrew the A. mellea colonies within four days and by eight days 38 Trichoderma isolates significantly reduced A. mellea colony size. Armillaria mellea was unable to be recovered from five of eight co-cultivations tested, suggesting Trichoderma had killed the A. mellea in these cases. Pre-colonized hazel disks were used to determine what happens in a more heterogeneous situation with A. mellea and a refined set of eight Trichoderma isolates. Similar to plate-based assays, Trichoderma quickly covered A. mellea stopping any further growth and two Trichoderma isolates were able to eradicate A. mellea.
CONCLUSIONS
Of the Trichoderma spp. tested, endophytic isolates of Trichoderma virens and T. hamatum offered the greatest antagonism towards A. mellea. Using pre-colonized hazel disks was of great importance for this work to demonstrate the fungal interactions in plant material.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Controlling Armillaria root rot is difficult with chemical treatments, thus an environmentally benign and cost-effective alternative is required. This study highlights the prospect of biological control as an effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemicals.
Topics: Antibiosis; Armillaria; Corylus; Endophytes; Plant Stems; Trichoderma
PubMed: 33219581
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14938 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Nov 2019Lignocellulosic plant biomass is the world's most abundant carbon source and has consequently attracted attention as a renewable resource for production of biofuels and...
Lignocellulosic plant biomass is the world's most abundant carbon source and has consequently attracted attention as a renewable resource for production of biofuels and commodity chemicals that could replace fossil resources. Due to its recalcitrant nature, it must be pretreated by chemical, physical or biological means prior to hydrolysis, introducing additional costs. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that fungi which thrive on lignocellulosic material (straw, bark or soil) would be efficient in degrading untreated lignocellulose. Wheat straw was used as a model. We developed a fast and simple screening method for cellulase producers and tested one hundred Trichoderma strains isolated from wheat straw. The most potent strain-UB483FTG2/ TUCIM 4455, was isolated from substrate used for mushroom cultivation and was identified as T. guizhouense. After optimization of growth medium, high cellulase activity was already achieved after 72 h of fermentation on raw wheat straw, while the model cellulase overproducing strain T. reesei QM 9414 took 170 h and reached only 45% of the cellulase activity secreted by T. guizhouense. Maximum production levels were 1.1 U/mL (measured with CMC as cellulase substrate) and 0.7 U/mL (β-glucosidase assay). The T. guizhouense cellulase cocktail hydrolyzed raw wheat straw within 35 h. Our study shows that screening for fungi that successfully compete for special substrates in nature will lead to the isolation of strains with qualitatively and quantitatively superior enzymes needed for their digestion which could be used for industrial purposes.
Topics: Biofuels; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Cellulase; DNA, Fungal; Fermentation; Hydrolysis; Kinetics; Phylogeny; Trichoderma; Triticum; beta-Glucosidase
PubMed: 31776792
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2774-y