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World Journal of Microbiology &... Aug 2017Climate change is one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century for sustainable agricultural production. Several reports highlighted the need for better... (Review)
Review
Climate change is one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century for sustainable agricultural production. Several reports highlighted the need for better agricultural practices and use of eco-friendly methods for sustainable crop production under such situations. In this context, Trichoderma species could be a model fungus to sustain crop productivity. Currently, these are widely used as inoculants for biocontrol, biofertilization, and phytostimulation. They are reported to improve photosynthetic efficiency, enhance nutrient uptake and increase nitrogen use efficiency in crops. Moreover, they can be used to produce bio-energy, facilitate plants for adaptation and mitigate adverse effect of climate change. The technological advancement in high throughput DNA sequencing and biotechnology provided deep insight into the complex and diverse biotic interactions established in nature by Trichoderma spp. and efforts are being made to translate this knowledge to enhance crop growth, resistance to disease and tolerance to abiotic stresses under field conditions. The discovery of several traits and genes that are involved in the beneficial effects of Trichoderma spp. has resulted in better understanding of the performance of bioinoculants in the field, and will lead to more efficient use of these strains and possibly to their improvement by genetic modification. The present mini-review is an effort to elucidate the molecular basis of plant growth promotion and defence activation by Trichoderma spp. to garner broad perspectives regarding their functioning and applicability for climate resilient agriculture.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Agriculture; Biotechnology; Climate Change; Crops, Agricultural; Fertilizers; Food; Nitrogen; Plant Development; Plant Diseases; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Stress, Physiological; Trichoderma
PubMed: 28695465
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2319-1 -
Journal of Advanced Research Jul 2023Trichoderma species are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the past decades, a series of secondary metabolites were reported from different Trichoderma... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Trichoderma species are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the past decades, a series of secondary metabolites were reported from different Trichoderma fungi, among which terpenoids possessing versatile structural diversities and extensive pharmacological activities are one of the particularly important categories.
AIM OF REVIEW
The review aims to summarize the terpenoids isolated from Trichoderma species regarding their structural diversities, biological activities, and promising biosynthetic potentials.
KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW
So far, a total of 253 terpenoids, including 202 sesquiterpenes, 48 diterpenes, 2 monoterpenes and 1 meroterpenoid, were isolated and identified from Trichoderma species between 1948 and 2022. Pharmacological investigations of Trichoderma terpenoids mainly focused on their antibacterial activities, antifungal activities, inhibitory activities on marine plankton species and cytotoxic activities, indicating that Trichoderma species are important microbial agents for drug discovery and environmentally friendly agrochemicals development. Intriguing chemistry and enzymology involved in the biosynthesis of Trichoderma terpenoids were also presented to facilitate further precise genome mining-guided novel structure discovery. Taken together, the abundance of novel skeletons, bioactivities and biosynthetic potentials presents new opportunities for drug and agrochemicals discovery, genome mining and enzymology exploration from Trichoderma species. The work will provide references for the profound study of terpenoids derived from Trichoderma, and facilitate further studies on Trichoderma species in the areas of chemistry, medicine, agriculture and microbiology.
Topics: Terpenes; Trichoderma; Soil; Sesquiterpenes; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 36195283
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.010 -
Natural Product Reports Oct 2007The fungal genus Trichoderma has various applications in industry and in medicine, and several species have economic importance as sources of enzymes, antibiotics, plant... (Review)
Review
The fungal genus Trichoderma has various applications in industry and in medicine, and several species have economic importance as sources of enzymes, antibiotics, plant growth promoters, decomposers of xenobiotics, and as commercial biofungicides. Peptaibiotics and peptaibols are a class of linear peptides synthesized by such fungi, and more than 300 have been described to date. Of this class, those compounds exhibiting antimicrobial activity are referred to as antibiotic peptides. In this review, the biosynthesis, fermentation, structure elucidation (by MS and NMR techniques in particular) and biological activity of antibiotic peptides from Trichoderma species are described.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Peptaibols; Trichoderma
PubMed: 17898900
DOI: 10.1039/b618086h -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Sep 2011Trichoderma is a genus of common filamentous fungi that display a remarkable range of lifestyles and interactions with other fungi, animals and plants. Because of their... (Review)
Review
Trichoderma is a genus of common filamentous fungi that display a remarkable range of lifestyles and interactions with other fungi, animals and plants. Because of their ability to antagonize plant-pathogenic fungi and to stimulate plant growth and defence responses, some Trichoderma strains are used for biological control of plant diseases. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in molecular ecology and genomics which indicate that the interactions of Trichoderma spp. with animals and plants may have evolved as a result of saprotrophy on fungal biomass (mycotrophy) and various forms of parasitism on other fungi (mycoparasitism), combined with broad environmental opportunism.
Topics: Animals; Genes, Fungal; Genome, Fungal; Hypocrea; Nematoda; Plant Development; Plant Diseases; Plants; Rhizosphere; Soil Microbiology; Symbiosis; Trichoderma
PubMed: 21921934
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2637 -
Annual Review of Phytopathology 2013Trichoderma species are widely used in agriculture and industry as biopesticides and sources of enzymes, respectively. These fungi reproduce asexually by production of... (Review)
Review
Trichoderma species are widely used in agriculture and industry as biopesticides and sources of enzymes, respectively. These fungi reproduce asexually by production of conidia and chlamydospores and in wild habitats by ascospores. Trichoderma species are efficient mycoparasites and prolific producers of secondary metabolites, some of which have clinical importance. However, the ecological or biological significance of this metabolite diversity is sorely lagging behind the chemical significance. Many strains produce elicitors and induce resistance in plants through colonization of roots. Seven species have now been sequenced. Comparison of a primarily saprophytic species with two mycoparasitic species has provided striking contrasts and has established that mycoparasitism is an ancestral trait of this genus. Among the interesting outcomes of genome comparison is the discovery of a vast repertoire of secondary metabolism pathways and of numerous small cysteine-rich secreted proteins. Genomics has also facilitated investigation of sexual crossing in Trichoderma reesei, suggesting the possibility of strain improvement through hybridization.
Topics: Biological Control Agents; Biological Evolution; Fungal Proteins; Genome, Fungal; Genomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Multigene Family; Plants; Trichoderma
PubMed: 23915132
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102353 -
Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B Nov 2010In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of photoresponses and the mechanisms responsible for their induction in species of the genus... (Review)
Review
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of photoresponses and the mechanisms responsible for their induction in species of the genus Trichoderma. Although an influence of light on these fungi had already been reported five decades ago, their response is not limited to photoconidiation. While early studies on the molecular level concentrated on signaling via the secondary messenger cAMP, a more comprehensive scheme is available today. The photoreceptor-orthologs BLR1 and BLR2 are known to mediate almost all known light responses in these fungi and another light-regulatory protein, ENVOY, is suggested to establish the connection between light response and nutrient signaling. As a central regulatory mechanism, this light signaling machinery impacts diverse downstream pathways including vegetative growth, reproduction, carbon and sulfur metabolism, response to oxidative stress and biosynthesis of peptaibols. These responses involve several signaling cascades, for example the heterotrimeric G-protein and MAP-kinase cascades, resulting in an integrated response to environmental conditions.
Topics: Carbon; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Light; Mycelium; Oxidative Stress; Peptaibols; Receptors, Cell Surface; Signal Transduction; Sulfur; Transcription Factors; Trichoderma
PubMed: 20466064
DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.04.010 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2012The hypersecreting mutant Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 (ATCC 56765) is one of the most widely used strains of filamentous fungi for the production of cellulolytic enzymes... (Review)
Review
The hypersecreting mutant Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 (ATCC 56765) is one of the most widely used strains of filamentous fungi for the production of cellulolytic enzymes and recombinant proteins, and for academic research. The strain was obtained after three rounds of random mutagenesis of the wild-type QM6a in a screening program focused on high cellulase production and catabolite derepression. Whereas RUT-C30 achieves outstanding levels of protein secretion and high cellulolytic activity in comparison to the wild-type QM6a, recombinant protein production has been less successful. Here, we bring together and discuss the results from biochemical-, microscopic-, genomic-, transcriptomic-, glycomic- and proteomic-based research on the RUT-C30 strain published over the last 30 years.
Topics: Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Genetic Engineering; Genomics; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Trichoderma
PubMed: 21998163
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.054031-0 -
Microbial Biotechnology Nov 2017Lignocellulosic biomass, which mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, is the most abundant renewable source for production of biofuel and biorefinery... (Review)
Review
Lignocellulosic biomass, which mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, is the most abundant renewable source for production of biofuel and biorefinery products. The industrial use of plant biomass involves mechanical milling or chipping, followed by chemical or physicochemical pretreatment steps to make the material more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis. Thereby the cost of enzyme production still presents the major bottleneck, mostly because some of the produced enzymes have low catalytic activity under industrial conditions and/or because the rate of hydrolysis of some enzymes in the secreted enzyme mixture is limiting. Almost all of the lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktails needed for the hydrolysis step are produced by fermentation of the ascomycete Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales). For this reason, the structure and mechanism of the enzymes involved, the regulation of their expression and the pathways of their formation and secretion have been investigated in T. reesei in considerable details. Several of the findings thereby obtained have been used to improve the formation of the T. reesei cellulases and their properties. In this article, we will review the achievements that have already been made and also show promising fields for further progress.
Topics: Cellulases; Cellulose; Fungal Proteins; Genetic Engineering; Trichoderma
PubMed: 28557371
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12726 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2012Species belonging to the genus Trichoderma are free-living fungi common in soil and root ecosystems, and have a broad range of uses in industry and agricultural... (Review)
Review
Species belonging to the genus Trichoderma are free-living fungi common in soil and root ecosystems, and have a broad range of uses in industry and agricultural biotechnology. Some species of the genus are widely used biocontrol agents, and their success is in part due to mycoparasitism, a lifestyle in which one fungus is parasitic on another. In addition Trichoderma species have been found to elicit plant defence responses and to stimulate plant growth. In order to survive and spread, Trichoderma switches from vegetative to reproductive development, and has evolved with several sophisticated molecular mechanisms to this end. Asexual development (conidiation) is induced by light and mechanical injury, although the effects of these inducers are influenced by environmental conditions, such as nutrient status and pH. A current appreciation of the links between the molecular participants is presented in this review. The photoreceptor complex BLR-1/BLR-2, ENVOY, VELVET, and NADPH oxidases have been suggested as key participants in this process. In concert with these elements, conserved signalling pathways, such as those involving heterotrimeric G proteins, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) are involved in this molecular orchestration. Finally, recent comparative and functional genomics analyses allow a comparison of the machinery involved in conidiophore development in model systems with that present in Trichoderma and a model to be proposed for the key factors involved in the development of these structures.
Topics: Ecosystem; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Microbial Viability; Spores, Fungal; Trichoderma
PubMed: 21964734
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.052688-0 -
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology Nov 2021Interactions between fungi and tardigrades have scarcely been described. The few studies that address such relationships suggest a primarily parasitic nature for various...
Interactions between fungi and tardigrades have scarcely been described. The few studies that address such relationships suggest a primarily parasitic nature for various fungal taxa, including the infectious chytridiomycetes. The aim of this study was to determine the identity of a fungus growing on a tardigrade of the genus Diaforobiotus and if it could infect other tardigrade genera. Using morphological analysis and ITS barcoding, we identified a mold isolate belonging to the Trichoderma harzianum species complex and found that it infected Diaforobiotus tardigrades, as well as animals in the eutardigrade genus Milnesium, and heterotardigrade genus Viridiscus.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Tardigrada; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34627793
DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107677