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Journal of Medical Case Reports Jan 2023Gram staining is a classic but standard and essential procedure for the prompt selection of appropriate antibiotics in an emergency setting. Even in the era of...
BACKGROUND
Gram staining is a classic but standard and essential procedure for the prompt selection of appropriate antibiotics in an emergency setting. Even in the era of sophisticated medicine with technically developed machinery, it is not uncommon that a classic procedure such as Gram staining is the most efficient for assisting physicians in making therapeutic decisions in a timely fashion.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 65-year-old Asian man with alcoholic cirrhosis complicated by esophageal varices was brought to the emergency division of Saga Medical School Hospital in early August, complaining of severe pain, redness, swelling, and purpura of the lower extremities. On physical examination he appeared in a critically ill condition suggestive of deep-seated soft tissue infection, raising a pre-test probability of streptococci, staphylococci, Vibrio sp., or Aeromonas sp. as a causative pathogen. A characteristic of his residency in an estuarine area is that raw seafood ingestion, as documented in this patient prior to the current admission, predisposes those who have a chronic liver disease to a life-threatening Vibrio vulnificus infection. Given the pathognomonic clinical features suggestive of necrotizing fasciitis, our immediate attempt was to narrow down the differential list of candidate pathogens by obtaining clinical specimens for microbiological investigation, thus inquiring about the post-test probability of the causative pathogen. The Gram stain of the small amount of discharge from the test incision of the affected lesion detected Gram-negative rods morphologically compatible with V. vulnificus. After two sets of blood culture, intravenous meropenem and minocycline were immediately administered before the patient underwent emergency surgical debridement. The next day, both blood culture and wound culture retrieved Gram-negative rods, which were subsequently identified as V. vulnificus by mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. The antibiotics were switched to intravenous ceftriaxone and minocycline.
CONCLUSION
The pre-test probability of V. vulnificus infection was further validated by on-site Gram staining in the emergency division. This case report highlights the significance of a classic procedure.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Vibrio vulnificus; Minocycline; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Vibrio Infections; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 36624479
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03731-x -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Sep 1987Many important species have been added to the genus Vibrio in the past several years. Vibrios have been associated with a wide variety of clinical syndromes ranging from... (Review)
Review
Many important species have been added to the genus Vibrio in the past several years. Vibrios have been associated with a wide variety of clinical syndromes ranging from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening cellulitis. Most Vibrio infections follow consumption of raw shellfish or exposure to sea water. Although much has been learned about these organisms in the past several years, additional information is needed concerning pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Vibrio infections.
Topics: Humans; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 3332891
DOI: No ID Found -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Feb 2022In recent years, the shrimp farming industry encountered significant economic losses induced by Vibrio alginolyticus. In this study, the influence of Vibrio...
In recent years, the shrimp farming industry encountered significant economic losses induced by Vibrio alginolyticus. In this study, the influence of Vibrio alginolyticus on intestinal histomorphology and microbiome composition in Litopenaeus vannamei were studied. The results showed that the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells of Vibrio group (VA group) injected only with Vibrio alginolyticus showed large area exfoliation at 12 h, and the tissue morphology of intestine recovered at 48 h. Compared with the control group (CK group), the abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly higher (P < 0.05), while the abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly lower after infection with Vibrio alginolyticus. The abundance of Shewanella in intestinal microbiome of Litopenaeus vannamei was significantly higher at 12 h (P < 0.05), but the abundance of Candidatus_Bacilloplasma was significantly lower at 48 h after infection (P < 0.05). In VA group, the diversity of intestinal microbiome was significantly lower at 12 h, which could be caused by the proliferation of Candidatus_Bacilloplasma and Shewanella. All above findings suggested that the stability of the dynamic balance of microbiome in the intestine helped Litopenaeus vannamei to resist pathogen colonization.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunity, Innate; Intestines; Penaeidae; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio alginolyticus
PubMed: 35065276
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.026 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jun 2016
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Lacerations; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Saline Waters; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Water Microbiology; Wound Infection
PubMed: 27217385
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02660-15 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Mar 2019Galectins are a family of proteins with conserved carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) that bind to specific glycans, including the glycans on the surface of...
Galectins are a family of proteins with conserved carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) that bind to specific glycans, including the glycans on the surface of pathogens, and therefore play a role in cytokine secretion, cell activation, migration, adhesion and apoptosis. Currently, galectins have been extensively studied in mammalian species but rarely studied in teleost fish species. In this study, a total of 12 galectin genes were characterized to understand the molecular mechanisms of galectin function in Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). Phylogenetic analyses and syntenic analyses confirmed their correct annotation and suggested the strongest relationships to tetraodon. Furthermore, expression analyses were conducted in healthy tissues of Japanese pufferfish and after infection with Vibrio harveyi in the intestine, liver and spleen. The results showed that galectin genes were widely expressed in all examined tissues; however, most of the galectin genes were highly expressed in mucosal tissues (skin, gill and intestine). Moreover, majority of the galectin genes were significantly regulated after V. harveyi infection in the intestine, liver and spleen, suggesting that galectins were involved in the immune response to V. harveyi infection in Japanese pufferfish. This study established the foundation for future studies of galectin gene functions.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Fish Proteins; Galectins; Gene Expression Profiling; Phylogeny; Synteny; Takifugu; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 30500549
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.054 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Mar 2022Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) is one of the main species of economic shellfish cultivated in the coastal areas of southern China. The cultivation of this...
Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) is one of the main species of economic shellfish cultivated in the coastal areas of southern China. The cultivation of this shellfish may be adversely impacted by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a harmful pathogenic bacterium for many mariculture species, as it usually exists on the surface of Hong Kong oysters. Although previous studies have discovered that oysters rely on non-specific immune system to fight pathogen invasion, the genes corresponding to the complex immune system against Vibrio is still not fully elucidated. Therefore, we conducted a transcriptome analysis on the gill from Hong Kong oysters at two time points (i.e., 12 h and 24 h after V. parahaemolyticus or PBS challenge) to identify potential immune genes against V. parahaemolyticus infection. A total of 61779 unigenes with the average length of 1221 bp were obtained, and the annotation information of 39917 unigenes were obtained from Nr, SwissProt, KEGG and COG/KOG. After a pairwise comparison between V. parahaemolyticus or PBS challenge at the two time points, three groups of differentially expressed genes induced by V. parahaemolyticus were captured and analyzed. GO and KEGG analyses showed that multiple immune-related genes played an important role in pathogen infection, including HSP70, PCDP3 and TLR4. Furthermore, genes annotation indicated that LITAF, TNFSF10, Duox2 and big defensin family are also involved in immune regulation. Our study provides a reference for further exploration the molecular mechanism that defenses the pathogen infection regarding the identified immune-related genes in Hong Kong oysters.
Topics: Animals; Crassostrea; Gene Expression Profiling; Hong Kong; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 35122949
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.001 -
The Medical Clinics of North America May 1982
Review
Topics: Brachyura; Cholera; Decapoda; Disease Outbreaks; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Nephropidae; Ostreidae; Shellfish; United States; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Wound Infection
PubMed: 7043128
DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31414-6 -
Journal of Fish Diseases Apr 2017
Topics: Animals; China; DNA, Bacterial; Fish Diseases; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Smegmamorpha; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 27553601
DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12533 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022, as one of the main pathogens of marine vibriosis, has brought huge losses to aquaculture. However, the interaction mechanism between and remains unclear. Moreover,...
, as one of the main pathogens of marine vibriosis, has brought huge losses to aquaculture. However, the interaction mechanism between and remains unclear. Moreover, there is a lack of comprehensive multi-omics analysis of the immune response of grouper spleen to . Herein, was artificially injected with , and it was found that the mortality was 16.7% in the early stage of infection, and accompanied by obvious histopathological lesions in the spleen. Furthermore, 1586 differentially expressed genes were screened by mRNA-seq. KEGG analysis showed that genes were significantly enriched in immune-related pathways, Acute-phase immune response, Apoptosis, Complement system and Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. As for miRNA-seq analysis, a total of 55 significantly different miRNAs were identified. Further functional annotation analysis indicated that the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched in three important pathways (Phosphatidylinositol signaling system, Lysosome and Focal adhesions). Through mRNA-miRNA integrated analysis, 1427 significant miRNA-mRNA pairs were obtained and " signaling pathway", "Intestinal immune network for IgA production" were considered as two crucial pathways. Finally, , , , , , and may be as key miRNAs to regulate immune signaling pathways the miRNA-mRNA interaction network. The above results suggest that the mRNA-miRNA integrated analysis not only sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between host and but also provides valuable and new insights into resistance to vibrio infection.
Topics: Animals; Bass; Fish Diseases; Immunity, Innate; MicroRNAs; RNA, Messenger; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 36059501
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982973 -
European Journal of Internal Medicine Dec 2008
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Atlantic Ocean; Ceftriaxone; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gentamicins; Humans; Male; Pacemaker, Artificial; Swimming; Treatment Outcome; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio alginolyticus
PubMed: 19046705
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.07.027