-
The New England Journal of Medicine Jul 2018
Topics: Aged; Amputation, Surgical; Humans; Male; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 30044934
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1716464 -
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in South America: water, seafood and human infections.Journal of Applied Microbiology Nov 2016The bacterial species, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, are ubiquitous in estuaries and coastal waters throughout the world, but they also happen to be... (Review)
Review
The bacterial species, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, are ubiquitous in estuaries and coastal waters throughout the world, but they also happen to be important human pathogens. They are concentrated by filter-feeding shellfish which are often consumed raw or undercooked, providing an important potential route of entry for an infective dose of these bacteria. Vibrio parahaemolyticus can cause abdominal cramping, nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, chills and fever. Vibrio vulnificus can cause similar gastrointestinal-related symptoms, but can also spread to the bloodstream, resulting in primary septicaemia, and it can also cause disease via wound infections. The objective of this article is to summarize, for the first time, the incidence and importance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in South America, in environmental waters and seafood, especifically molluscan shellfish, as well as human infection cases and outbreaks. It appears that infections from V. parahaemolyticus have been more strongly related to shellfish ingestion and have been more frequently reported on the Pacific coast of South America. Conversely, V. vulnificus has been more frequently acquired by water contact with open wounds and its presence has been more heavily reported along the Atlantic coast of South America, and while documented to cause serious mortality, have been relatively few in number. The impacts of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have been observed to cause an increase in V. parahaemolyticus outbreaks on the Pacific coast of South America. The implementation of a regulated monitoring approach, along with the use of faster, more accurate and virulence-specific detection approaches, such as PCR confirmation, should be considered to detect the presence of pathogenic Vibrio strains in environmental and seafood samples for protection of public health. Furthermore, improved clinical surveillance with suspected cases should be implemented. This review highlights the need for more research and monitoring of vibrios in South America, in water, shellfish and clinical samples.
Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mollusca; Seafood; Shellfish; South America; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Vibrio vulnificus; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 27459915
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13246 -
Zoological Research Sep 2023Previous studies have shown that infection causes mitochondrial damage in coelomocytes, leading to the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and...
Previous studies have shown that infection causes mitochondrial damage in coelomocytes, leading to the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and irreversible apoptotic cell death. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) is the most effective method for eliminating damaged mitochondria and ROS, with choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) identified as a novel mitophagy receptor that can recognize non-ubiquitin damage signals and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in vertebrates. However, the functional role of CHDH in invertebrates is largely unknown. In this study, we observed a significant increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of CHDH (AjCHDH) in response to infection and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, consistent with changes in mitophagy under the same conditions. Notably, AjCHDH was localized to the mitochondria rather than the cytosol following infection. Moreover, knockdown using siRNA transfection significantly reduced mitophagy levels, as observed through transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying CHDH-regulated mitophagy showed that AjCHDH lacked an LC3-interacting region (LIR) for direct binding to LC3 but possessed a FB1 structural domain that binds to SQSTM1. The interaction between AjCHDH and SQSTM1 was further confirmed by immunoprecipitation analysis. Furthermore, laser confocal microscopy indicated that SQSTM1 and LC3 were recruited by AjCHDH in coelomocytes and HEK293T cells. In contrast, interference hindered SQSTM1 and LC3 recruitment to the mitochondria, a critical step in damaged mitochondrial degradation. Thus, interference led to a significant increase in both mitochondrial and intracellular ROS, followed by increased apoptosis and decreased coelomocyte survival. Collectively, these findings indicate that AjCHDH-mediated mitophagy plays a crucial role in coelomocyte survival in following infection.
Topics: Animals; Choline Dehydrogenase; HEK293 Cells; Mitophagy; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sequestosome-1 Protein; Stichopus; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 37575045
DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.106 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Mar 2022infection is a highly fatal disease resulting from the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and exposure to seawater containing the organism. It has been a...
BACKGROUND
infection is a highly fatal disease resulting from the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and exposure to seawater containing the organism. It has been a nationally notifiable disease since 2000 in Korea. The aims of this study were to assess the trends in the incidence of infection and its case fatality rate and to determine the epidemiologic characteristics to effectively prevent infection and lower mortality.
METHODS
We analyzed the incidence trends of infection by year, month, and region in 913 cases reported to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC, currently Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency) by the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System from 2001 to 2016. We analyzed the number of patients with infection who were under the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and whose coastal seawater temperature data were provided by the Korea Oceanographic Data Center of the National Institute of Fisheries Science. Epidemiological investigations were followed up and analyzed for 761 patients from 2003 to 2016. A total of 152 patients who were not followed up were excluded from the analysis. The case fatality rate was analyzed for 325 cases reported to the KCDC from 2011 to 2016.
RESULTS
The mean incidence of infection was 0.12 per 100,000 people, and the highest incidence was reported in September (41.1%) during the study period. The incidence rate per 100,000 people was the highest in Jeonnam (8.23). The number of patients who claimed to the NHIS was the highest in September (105 patients). The average seawater temperature was the highest at 24.1°C in August, and the average seawater temperature from August to October, when many cases occurred, was 22.4°C. The male-to-female ratio was 6:1, and 96.4% of the patients were aged ≥ 40 years. Of the patients, 96.1% had underlying diseases, the most common of which was liver cirrhosis (56.3%). The case fatality rate was 48.9%.
CONCLUSION
The occurrence of infection showed distinct seasonality, with a large number of cases occurring in the months when the seawater temperature was high; there were also distinct geographical characteristics. The incidence of infection and mortality rates have not decreased for decades, and it is still an important public health problem with a high fatality rate.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Republic of Korea; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 35257530
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e79 -
Microbiological Research May 2019Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium that is mainly distributed in the seafood such as fish, shrimps and shellfish throughout the world. V.... (Review)
Review
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium that is mainly distributed in the seafood such as fish, shrimps and shellfish throughout the world. V. parahaemolyticus can cause diseases in marine aquaculture, leading to huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry. More importantly, it is also the leading cause of seafood-borne diarrheal disease in humans worldwide. With the development of animal model, next-generation sequencing as well as biochemical and cell biological technologies, deeper understanding of the virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms of V. parahaemolyticus has been gained. As a globally transmitted pathogen, the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus is closely related to a variety of virulence factors. This article comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of eight types of virulence factors: hemolysin, type III secretion system, type VI secretion system, adhesion factor, iron uptake system, lipopolysaccharide, protease and outer membrane proteins. This review comprehensively summarized our current understanding of the virulence factors in V. parahaemolyticus, which are potentially new targets for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Iron; Lipopolysaccharides; Peptide Hydrolases; Seafood; Type III Secretion Systems; Type VI Secretion Systems; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30928029
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.03.003 -
Communicable Diseases Intelligence... Feb 2022Vibrio infection was rarely reported in Tasmania prior to 2016, when a multistate outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with Tasmanian oysters was identified...
Vibrio infection was rarely reported in Tasmania prior to 2016, when a multistate outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with Tasmanian oysters was identified and 11 people reported ill. Since then, sporadic foodborne cases have been identified following consumption of commercially- and recreationally-harvested oysters. The increases in both foodborne and non-foodborne Vibrio infections in Tasmania are likely associated with increased sea water temperatures. As oyster production increases and climate change raises the sea surface temperature of our coastline, Tasmania expects to see more vibriosis cases. Vibriosis due to oyster consumption has been reported in other Australian states, but the variability in notification requirements between jurisdictions makes case and outbreak detection difficult and potentially hampers any public health response to prevent further illness.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Ostreidae; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 35168502
DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2022.46.8 -
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Nov 2018Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that can cause serious, potentially fatal infections. V. vulnificus causes three distinct syndromes: an overwhelming... (Review)
Review
Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that can cause serious, potentially fatal infections. V. vulnificus causes three distinct syndromes: an overwhelming primary septicemia caused by consuming contaminated seafood, wound infections acquired when an open wound is exposed to contaminated warm seawater, and gastrointestinal tract-limited infections. Case-fatality rates are higher than 50% for primary septicemia, and death typically occurs within 72 hours of hospitalization. Risk factors for V. vulnificus infection include chronic liver disease, alcoholism, and hematological disorders. When V. vulnificus infection is suspected, appropriate antibiotic treatment and surgical interventions should be performed immediately. Third-generation cephalosporin with doxycycline, or quinolone with or without third-generation cephalosporin, may be potential treatment options for patients with V. vulnificus infection.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Female; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Public Health; Risk Factors; Seafood; Seawater; Sepsis; Surgical Wound Infection; Treatment Outcome; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus; Young Adult
PubMed: 29898575
DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2018.159 -
American Family Physician Aug 2007Vibrio vulnificus infection is the leading cause of death related to seafood consumption in the United States. This virulent, gram-negative bacterium causes two distinct... (Review)
Review
Vibrio vulnificus infection is the leading cause of death related to seafood consumption in the United States. This virulent, gram-negative bacterium causes two distinct syndromes. The first is an overwhelming primary septicemia caused by consuming raw or undercooked seafood, particularly raw oysters. The second is a necrotizing wound infection acquired when an open wound is exposed to warm seawater with high concentrations of V. vulnificus. Most patients, including those with primary infection, develop sepsis and severe cellulitis with rapid development to ecchymoses and bullae. In severe cases, necrotizing fasciitis can develop. Case-fatality rates are greater than 50 percent for primary septicemia and about 15 percent for wound infections. Treatment of V vulnificus infection includes antibiotics, aggressive wound therapy, and supportive care. Most patients who acquire the infection have at least one predisposing immunocompromising condition. Physician awareness of risk factors for V. vulnificus infection combined with prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve patient outcomes. (Am Fam Physic
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Cellulitis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Food Microbiology; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Male; Ostreidae; Risk Factors; Seafood; Seawater; Sepsis; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus; Wound Infection
PubMed: 17853628
DOI: No ID Found -
MSystems Apr 2023Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium that inhabits warm seawater or brackish water environments and causes foodborne diseases and wound infections. In severe cases, V....
Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium that inhabits warm seawater or brackish water environments and causes foodborne diseases and wound infections. In severe cases, V. vulnificus invades the skeletal muscle tissue, where bacterial proliferation leads to septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis with high mortality. Despite this characteristic, information on metabolic changes in tissue infected with V. vulnificus is not available. Here, we elucidated the metabolic changes in V. vulnificus-infected mouse skeletal muscle using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS). Metabolome analysis revealed changes in muscle catabolites and energy metabolites during V. vulnificus infection. In particular, succinic acid accumulated but fumaric acid decreased in the infected muscle. However, the virulence factor deletion mutant revealed that changes in metabolites and bacterial proliferation were abolished in skeletal muscle infected with a multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) mutant. On the other hand, mice that were immunosuppressed via cyclophosphamide (CPA) treatment exhibited a similar level of bacterial counts and metabolites between the wild type and MARTX mutant. Therefore, our data indicate that V. vulnificus induces metabolic changes in mouse skeletal muscle and proliferates by using the MARTX toxin to evade the host immune system. This study indicates a new correlation between V. vulnificus infections and metabolic changes that lead to severe reactions or damage to host skeletal muscle. V. vulnificus causes necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (NSSTIs) in severe cases, with high mortality and sign of rapid deterioration. Despite the severity of the infection, the dysfunction of the host metabolism in skeletal muscle triggered by V. vulnificus is poorly understood. In this study, by using a mouse wound infection model, we revealed characteristic changes in muscle catabolism and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle associated with bacterial proliferation in the infected tissues. Understanding such metabolic changes in V. vulnificus-infected tissue may provide crucial information to identify the mechanism via which V. vulnificus induces severe infections. Moreover, our metabolite data may be useful for the recognition, identification, or detection of V. vulnificus infections in clinical studies.
Topics: Humans; Bacterial Toxins; Vibrio Infections; Virulence Factors; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 36939368
DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00682-22 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2017Members of the Vibrio genus are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic environments and play vital roles in sustaining the aquatic milieu. The genus comprises about 100... (Review)
Review
Members of the Vibrio genus are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic environments and play vital roles in sustaining the aquatic milieu. The genus comprises about 100 species, which are mostly of marine or freshwater origin, and their classification is frequently updated due to the continuous discovery of novel species. The main route of transmission of Vibrio pathogens to man is through drinking of contaminated water and consumption inadequately cooked aquatic food products. In sub-Saharan Africa and much of the developing world, some rural dwellers use freshwater resources such as rivers for domestic activities, bathing, and cultural and religious purposes. This review describes the impact of inadequately treated sewage effluents on the receiving freshwater resources and the associated risk to the rural dwellers that depends on the water. Vibrio infections remain a threat to public health. In the last decade, Vibrio disease outbreaks have created alertness on the personal, economic, and public health uncertainties associated with the impact of contaminated water in the aquatic environment of sub-Saharan Africa. In this review, we carried out an overview of Vibrio pathogens in rural water resources in Sub-Saharan Africa and the implication of Vibrio pathogens on public health. Continuous monitoring of Vibrio pathogens among environmental freshwater and treated effluents is expected to help reduce the risk associated with the early detection of sources of infection, and also aid our understanding of the natural ecology and evolution of Vibrio pathogens.
Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fresh Water; Humans; Rural Population; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Water Pollutants
PubMed: 28991153
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101188