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Virchows Archiv : An International... Jul 2002Five autopsy cases of Vibrio vulnificus infection with liver disease are reported. All five patients ate raw seafood 24 h before the onset of illness. The clinical...
Five autopsy cases of Vibrio vulnificus infection with liver disease are reported. All five patients ate raw seafood 24 h before the onset of illness. The clinical presentation was of primary septicemia, with positive cultures in both the blood and cutaneous lesions. Stool cultures were positive for the organism in one patient with gastrointestinal symptoms. Autopsy examination revealed liver cirrhosis in three cases and alcoholic liver disease in two; all showed portal hypertension. Gastrointestinal mucosal changes were seen in four patients: edema, hemorrhagic necrosis, and lymphocyte infiltration. One case was of an human immunodeficiency virus infected patient in which histology showed a rare intestinal disease, phlegmonous colitis. We believe this is the first description of a case of concomitant phlegmonous enterocolitis and V. vulnificus infection. Patients with liver disease should be warned about the possibility of life-threatening infections and complications associated with the consumption of raw seafood.
Topics: Adult; Autopsy; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Seafood; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 12111206
DOI: 10.1007/s00428-002-0613-1 -
Genes Jan 2021Circular RNA (circRNA) is a new class of non-coding RNA that is structured into a closed loop without polyadenylation. Recent studies showed that circRNAs are involved...
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a new class of non-coding RNA that is structured into a closed loop without polyadenylation. Recent studies showed that circRNAs are involved in the host immune response to pathogen infection. Japanese flounder (), an important economical marine fish cultured in north Asia, is affected by , a pathogenic bacterium that can infect a large number of fish. In this study, we systematically explored the circRNAs in the spleen of -infected flounder at different infection time points. A total of 6581 circRNAs were identified, 148 of which showed differential expression patterns after infection and were named DEcirs. Most of the DEcirs were strongly time-specific. The parental genes of the DEcirs were identified and functionally classified into diverse pathways, including immune-related pathways. Among the immune-related DEcirs, seven were predicted to sponge 18 targeted miRNAs that were differentially expressed during infection (named DETmiRs). Further analysis showed that the DEcirs and their corresponding DETmiRs intertwined into complicated immune related networks. These results indicate that in flounder, circRNAs are regulated by and form interactive networks with mRNAs and miRNAs that likely play important roles in the immune defense against pathogen infection.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Flounder; RNA, Circular; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 33467444
DOI: 10.3390/genes12010100 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2020MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding regulatory RNAs that play a vital part in the host immune response to pathogen infection. Japanese flounder () is an important...
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding regulatory RNAs that play a vital part in the host immune response to pathogen infection. Japanese flounder () is an important aquaculture fish species that has suffered from bacterial diseases, including that caused by infection. In a previous study, we examined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles of flounder during infection and identified 26 hub genes in the flounder immune response. In this study, we performed the micro-transcriptome analysis of flounder spleen in response to infection at 3 different time points. Approximately 277 million reads were obtained, from which 1218 miRNAs were identified, including 740 known miRNAs and 478 novel miRNAs. Among the miRNAs, 206 were differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs), and 104 of the 206 DEmiRs are novel miRNAs identified for the first time. Most of the DEmiRs were strongly time-dependent. A total of 1355 putative target genes of the DEmiRs (named DETGs) were identified based on integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA expressions. The DETGs were enriched in multiple functional categories associated with immunity. Thirteen key DEmiRs and 66 immune DETGs formed an intricate regulatory network constituting 106 pairs of miRNAs and DETGs that span five immune pathways. Furthermore, seven of the previously identified hub genes were found to be targeted by 73 DEmiRs, and together they formed interlinking regulatory networks. These results indicate that infection induces complicated miRNA response with extensive influences on immune gene expression in Japanese flounder.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Fish Proteins; Flounder; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Regulatory Networks; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Immunity; MicroRNAs; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 32549342
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124252 -
Journal of Medical Case Reports May 2023Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium causing three clinical syndromes namely, gastrointestinal symptoms, skin sepsis and primary sepsis. Primary sepsis... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium causing three clinical syndromes namely, gastrointestinal symptoms, skin sepsis and primary sepsis. Primary sepsis exhibits mortality rates exceeding 50%, particularly in the immunocompromised. Vibrio vulnificus is transmitted via consumption of contaminated seafood and contaminated seawater skin exposure. We describe a rare case of an immunocompetent male presenting with an atypical Vibrio vulnificus infection, culminating in severe pneumonia requiring intensive care.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 46 year old Indian male dockyard worker, a non-smoker and teetotaler, of Indian origin presented to the emergency treatment unit of a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka, with fever, productive cough with yellow sputum, pleuritic chest pain and tachypnea for five days. He had no gastrointestinal or skin manifestations. His respiratory rate was 38 breaths/min, pulse rate was 120 bpm, blood pressure was 107/75 mmHg and pulse oximetry was 85% on air. Chest X-ray revealed consolidation of the left lung. Empiric intravenous Piperacillin-tazobactam and Clarithromycin were commenced after obtaining blood and sputum cultures. Over the next 24 h, his oxygen requirement rose and as he required vasopressor support, he was admitted to the intensive care unit. He was intubated and bronchoscopy was performed on day two, which demonstrated thick secretions from left upper bronchial segments. His antibiotics were changed to intravenous ceftriaxone and doxycycline following a positive blood culture report of Vibrio vulnificus. He was ventilated for ten days and his intensive care stay was complicated with a non-oliguric acute kidney injury, with serum creatinine rising up to 8.67 mg/dL (0.81-0.44 mg/dL). He developed mild thrombocytopenia with platelets dropping to 115 × 10 /uL (150-450 × 10/uL) which resolved spontaneously. Vasopressors were weaned off by day eight and the patient was extubated on day ten. He was discharged from intensive care on day twelve and made a full recovery.
CONCLUSIONS
Pneumonia itself is an atypical manifestation of Vibrio vulnificus and furthermore, this patient was immunocompetent and did not exhibit the classical gastro-intestinal and skin manifestations. This case highlights the occurrence of atypical Vibrio sp. infections in patients with high exposure risks and the need for early supportive and appropriate antibiotic therapies.
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Vibrio vulnificus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Doxycycline; Sepsis; Multiple Organ Failure; Pneumonia; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 37202814
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-03943-9 -
Internal Medicine Journal Jan 2024Vibrio species bloodstream infections have been associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Limited information is available regarding the epidemiology of...
BACKGROUND
Vibrio species bloodstream infections have been associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Limited information is available regarding the epidemiology of bloodstream infections because of Vibrio species in the Australian context.
AIMS
The objective of this study was to define the incidence and risk factors for developing Vibrio species bloodstream infections and compare differences between different species.
METHODS
All patients with Vibrio spp. isolated from positive blood cultures between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2019 were identified by the state-wide Pathology Queensland laboratory. Demographics, clinical foci of infections and comorbid conditions were collected in addition to antimicrobial susceptibility results.
RESULTS
About 100 cases were identified between 2000 and 2019 with an incidence of 1.2 cases/1 million person-years. Seasonal and geographical variation occurred with the highest incidence in the summer months and in the tropical north. Increasing age, male sex and multiple comorbidities were identified as risk factors. Vibrio vulnificus was isolated most frequently and associated with the most severe disease. Overall case fatality was 19%.
CONCLUSIONS
There is potential for increasing cases of Vibrio species infections globally with ageing populations and climate change. Ongoing clinical awareness is required to ensure optimal patient outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Male; Queensland; Australia; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Sepsis
PubMed: 37497569
DOI: 10.1111/imj.16187 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec 2022Noncholera vibriosis is a rare, opportunistic bacterial infection caused by Vibrio spp. other than V. cholerae O1/O139 and diagnosed mainly during the hot summer months... (Review)
Review
Noncholera vibriosis is a rare, opportunistic bacterial infection caused by Vibrio spp. other than V. cholerae O1/O139 and diagnosed mainly during the hot summer months in patients after seaside activities. Detailed knowledge of circulating pathogenic strains and heterogeneities in infection outcomes and disease dynamics may help in patient management. We conducted a multicenter case-series study documenting Vibrio infections in 67 patients from 8 hospitals in the Bay of Biscay, France, over a 19-year period. Infections were mainly caused by V. alginolyticus (34%), V. parahaemolyticus (30%), non-O1/O139 V. cholerae (15%), and V. vulnificus (10%). Drug-susceptibility testing revealed intermediate and resistant strains to penicillins and first-generation cephalosporins. The acute infections (e.g., those involving digestive disorder, cellulitis, osteitis, pneumonia, and endocarditis) led to a life-threatening event (septic shock), amputation, or death in 36% of patients. Physicians may need to add vibriosis to their list of infections to assess in patients with associated risk factors.
Topics: Humans; Bays; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio; Penicillins; Multicenter Studies as Topic
PubMed: 36418019
DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.220748 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Mar 1994Vibrio hollisae, one of the more recently described halophilic Vibrio species, is infrequently associated with gastrointestinal disease and only rarely recovered from... (Review)
Review
Vibrio hollisae, one of the more recently described halophilic Vibrio species, is infrequently associated with gastrointestinal disease and only rarely recovered from individuals presenting with gram-negative sepsis. In this report we describe two cases of severe gastrointestinal disease associated with V. hollisae in otherwise healthy individuals. In one of these individuals, severe epigastric pain was apparently associated with signs of pseudoappendicitis, necessitating exploratory surgery. In both individuals, infection was associated with the ingestion of raw shellfish. These cases are discussed in light of previous reports on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and spectrum of disease caused by this unusual pathogen.
Topics: Adult; Female; Food Microbiology; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Male; Shellfish; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 8011809
DOI: 10.1093/clinids/18.3.310 -
BMC Biology Jan 2023Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens. In animals, the Toll pathway, the Imd pathway, the complement system, and lectins are well-known...
BACKGROUND
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens. In animals, the Toll pathway, the Imd pathway, the complement system, and lectins are well-known mechanisms involved in innate immunity. Although these pathways and systems are well understood in vertebrates and arthropods, they are understudied in other invertebrates.
RESULTS
To shed light on immunity in the nemertean Lineus ruber, we performed a transcriptomic survey and identified the main components of the Toll pathway (e.g., myD88, dorsal/dif/NFκB-p65), the Imd pathway (e.g., imd, relish/NFκB-p105/100), the complement system (e.g., C3, cfb), and some lectins (FreD-Cs and C-lectins). In situ hybridization showed that TLRβ1, TLRβ2, and imd are expressed in the nervous system; the complement gene C3-1 is expressed in the gut; and the lectins are expressed in the nervous system, the blood, and the gut. To reveal their potential role in defense mechanisms, we performed immune challenge experiments, in which Lineus ruber specimens were exposed to the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio diazotrophicus. Our results show the upregulation of specific components of the Toll pathway (TLRα3, TLRβ1, and TLRβ2), the complement system (C3-1), and lectins (c-lectin2 and fred-c5).
CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, similarly to what occurs in other invertebrates, our study shows that components of the Toll pathway, the complement system, and lectins are involved in the immune response in the nemertean Lineus ruber. The presence of these pathways and systems in Lineus ruber, but also in other spiralians; in ecdysozoans; and in deuterostomes suggests that these pathways and systems were involved in the immune response in the stem species of Bilateria.
Topics: Animals; Invertebrates; Vibrio Infections; NF-kappa B; Immunity, Innate; Lectins
PubMed: 36635688
DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01482-1 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023In recent years, flathead grey mullets () cultured in Eilat (Israel) have been highly affected by , showing neurological signs such as uncoordinated circular swimming...
In recent years, flathead grey mullets () cultured in Eilat (Israel) have been highly affected by , showing neurological signs such as uncoordinated circular swimming followed by high mortality rates. Despite the advances in and different approaches to control vibriosis associated with , including commercial vaccines, most of them have not succeeded in long-term protection. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness, long-term protection, and antibody production of three vaccine preparations: heat-killed bacteria (HKB), membrane proteins denaturation (BME PROT), and internal proteins (INT PROT) developed specifically against for grey mullets. Our results show that fish immunized with heat-killed bacteria emulsified with adjuvant presented the most effective and long-lasting protection against the bacterium, and a cross-protection against other bacteria from the clade. The effectiveness of each immunization treatment correlated with the levels of specific antibody production against in the serum of the immunized fish.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Immunization; Smegmamorpha; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 37175982
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098277 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Apr 2023C-type lectins (CTLs), as a member of pattern recognition receptors, play a vital role in the innate immune response of invertebrates to eliminate micro-invaders. In...
C-type lectins (CTLs), as a member of pattern recognition receptors, play a vital role in the innate immune response of invertebrates to eliminate micro-invaders. In this study, a novel CTL of Litopenaeus vannamei, namely, LvCTL7, was successfully cloned, with an open reading frame of 501 bp and a capability to encode 166 amino acids. Blast analysis showed that the amino acid sequence similarity between LvCTL7 and MjCTL7 (Marsupenaeus japonicus) was 57.14%. LvCTL7 was mainly expressed in hepatopancreas, muscle, gill and eyestalk. Vibrio harveyi can significantly affect LvCTL7 expression level in hepatopancreases, gills, intestines and muscles (p < 0.05). LvCTL7 recombinant protein can bind to Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi). It can cause the agglutination of V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi, but it had no effect on Streptococcus agalactiae and B. subtilis. The expression levels of SOD, CAT, HSP 70, Toll 2, IMD and ALF genes in the challenge group added with LvCTL7 protein were more stable than those in the direct challenge group (p < 0.05). Moreover, knockdown of LvCTL7 by double-stranded RNA interference downregulated the expression levels of genes (ALF, IMD and LvCTL5) that protect against bacterial infection (p < 0.05). These results indicated that LvCTL7 had microbial agglutination and immunoregulatory activity, and it was involved in the innate immune response against Vibrio infection in L. vannamei.
Topics: Animals; Lectins, C-Type; Immunity, Innate; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Receptors, Pattern Recognition; Penaeidae; Arthropod Proteins; Phylogeny
PubMed: 36803777
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108621