-
The Lancet. Microbe Nov 2022Data from animal models suggest a role of early-life gut microbiota in lung immune development, and in establishing susceptibility to respiratory infections and asthma... (Review)
Review
Data from animal models suggest a role of early-life gut microbiota in lung immune development, and in establishing susceptibility to respiratory infections and asthma in humans. This systematic review summarises the association between infant (ages 0-12 months) gut microbiota composition measured by genomic sequencing, and childhood (ages 0-18 years) respiratory diseases (ie, respiratory infections, wheezing, or asthma). Overall, there was evidence that low α-diversity and relative abundance of particular gut-commensal bacteria genera (Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, and Roseburia) are associated with childhood respiratory diseases. However, results were inconsistent and studies had important limitations, including insufficient characterisation of bacterial taxa to species level, heterogeneous outcome definitions, residual confounding, and small sample sizes. Large longitudinal studies with stool sampling during the first month of life and shotgun metagenomic approaches to improve bacterial and fungal taxa resolution are needed. Standardising follow-up times and respiratory disease definitions and optimising causal statistical approaches might identify targets for primary prevention of childhood respiratory diseases.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Child, Preschool; Child; Adolescent; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Feces; Bacteria; Asthma; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 35988549
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00184-7 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2019spp. are among the most important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of human death among diarrheal diseases worldwide. Animals are the primary source of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
spp. are among the most important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of human death among diarrheal diseases worldwide. Animals are the primary source of this pathogen, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of serovars is key to controlling and monitoring this bacterium. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of serovars in animal-based foods (beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) throughout the five continents (Africa, the Americas [North and Latin America], Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The meta-analysis consisted of a chemometric assessment (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to identify the main epidemiological findings, including the prevalence and diversity of the serovars in each matrix. Regarding the serovar distribution, Typhimurium presented a cosmopolitan distribution, reported in all four assessed matrices and continents; poultry continues to play a central role in the dissemination of the Enteritidis serovar to humans, and Anatum and Weltevreden were the most frequently found in beef and seafood, respectively. Additionally, we recommended careful monitoring of certain serovars, such as Derby, Agona, Infantis, and Kentucky. Finally, given the scientific data regarding the most frequently reported serovars and which matrices constitute the main vehicles for the transmission of this pathogen, control programs may be improved, and specific interventions may be implemented in an attempt to reduce the risk of this pathogen reaching humans. Salmonellosis is caused by spp. and is the third leading cause of death among food-transmitted diseases. This pathogen is commonly disseminated in domestic and wild animals, and the infection's symptoms are characterized by acute fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The animals are the primary source of salmonellae, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Therefore, data collected from these sources could contribute to future global interventions for effective control and surveillance of along the food chain. In light of this, the importance of our research is in identifying the prevalence of serovars in four animal-based food matrices (pork, poultry, beef, and seafood) and to evaluate the importance that each matrix has as the primary source of this pathogen to humans.
Topics: Animals; Food Microbiology; Prevalence; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup
PubMed: 31053586
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00591-19 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Aug 2006Inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces.
METHODS
The literature was systematically reviewed in MedLine without language restrictions. In addition, cited articles in a report were assessed and standard textbooks on the topic were reviewed. All reports with experimental evidence on the duration of persistence of a nosocomial pathogen on any type of surface were included.
RESULTS
Most gram-positive bacteria, such as Enterococcus spp. (including VRE), Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), or Streptococcus pyogenes, survive for months on dry surfaces. Many gram-negative species, such as Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, or Shigella spp., can also survive for months. A few others, such as Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus vulgaris, or Vibrio cholerae, however, persist only for days. Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and spore-forming bacteria, including Clostridium difficile, can also survive for months on surfaces. Candida albicans as the most important nosocomial fungal pathogen can survive up to 4 months on surfaces. Persistence of other yeasts, such as Torulopsis glabrata, was described to be similar (5 months) or shorter (Candida parapsilosis, 14 days). Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as corona, coxsackie, influenza, SARS or rhino virus, can persist on surfaces for a few days. Viruses from the gastrointestinal tract, such as astrovirus, HAV, polio- or rota virus, persist for approximately 2 months. Blood-borne viruses, such as HBV or HIV, can persist for more than one week. Herpes viruses, such as CMV or HSV type 1 and 2, have been shown to persist from only a few hours up to 7 days.
CONCLUSION
The most common nosocomial pathogens may well survive or persist on surfaces for months and can thereby be a continuous source of transmission if no regular preventive surface disinfection is performed.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Fomites; Fungi; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Hospitals; Humans; Mycoses; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 16914034
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-130 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022Bacteriophages offer an alternative for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial diseases as their mechanism of action differs from that of antibiotics. However,... (Review)
Review
Bacteriophages offer an alternative for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial diseases as their mechanism of action differs from that of antibiotics. However, their application in the clinical field is limited to specific cases of patients with few or no other alternative therapies. This systematic review assesses the effectiveness and safety of phage therapy against multidrug-resistant bacteria through the evaluation of studies published over the past decade. To that end, a bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Of the 1500 studies found, 27 met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 165 treated patients. Treatment effectiveness, defined as the reduction in or elimination of the bacterial load, was 85%. Except for two patients who died from causes unrelated to phage therapy, no serious adverse events were reported. This shows that phage therapy could be an alternative treatment for patients with infections associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, owing to the phage specificity required for the treatment of various bacterial strains, this therapy must be personalized in terms of bacteriophage type, route of administration, and dosage.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriophages; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Phage Therapy
PubMed: 35562968
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094577 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... 2020Antibiotics are the most common medicines prescribed to children in hospitals and the community, with a high proportion of potentially inappropriate use. Antibiotic... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Antibiotics are the most common medicines prescribed to children in hospitals and the community, with a high proportion of potentially inappropriate use. Antibiotic misuse increases the risk of toxicity, raises healthcare costs, and selection of resistance. The primary aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current state of evidence of the implementation and outcomes of pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) globally.
METHODS
MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched to identify studies reporting on ASP in children aged 0-18 years and conducted in outpatient or in-hospital settings. Three investigators independently reviewed identified articles for inclusion and extracted relevant data.
RESULTS
Of the 41,916 studies screened, 113 were eligible for inclusion in this study. Most of the studies originated in the USA (52.2%), while a minority were conducted in Europe (24.7%) or Asia (17.7%). Seventy-four (65.5%) studies used a before-and-after design, and sixteen (14.1%) were randomized trials. The majority (81.4%) described in-hospital ASPs with half of interventions in mixed pediatric wards and ten (8.8%) in emergency departments. Only sixteen (14.1%) studies focused on the costs of ASPs. Almost all the studies (79.6%) showed a significant reduction in inappropriate prescriptions. Compliance after ASP implementation increased. Sixteen of the included studies quantified cost savings related to the intervention with most of the decreases due to lower rates of drug administration. Seven studies showed an increased susceptibility of the bacteria analysed with a decrease in extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers and a reduction in the rate of carbapenem resistance subsequent to an observed reduction in the rate of antimicrobial days of therapy; and, in two studies set in outpatient setting, an increase in erythromycin-sensitive following a reduction in the use of macrolides.
CONCLUSIONS
Pediatric ASPs have a significant impact on the reduction of targeted and empiric antibiotic use, healthcare costs, and antimicrobial resistance in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Pediatric ASPs are now widely implemented in the USA, but considerable further adaptation is required to facilitate their uptake in Europe, Asia, Latin America and Africa.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Stewardship; Asia; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Child; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Europe; Global Health; Humans; Inappropriate Prescribing; Pediatrics; Prescription Drug Misuse; United States
PubMed: 31911831
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0659-3 -
Nutrients Mar 2020Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a public health problem and has a prevalence of 0.6%-1.7% in children. As well as psychiatric symptoms, dysbiosis and gastrointestinal... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a public health problem and has a prevalence of 0.6%-1.7% in children. As well as psychiatric symptoms, dysbiosis and gastrointestinal comorbidities are also frequently reported. The gut-brain microbiota axis suggests that there is a form of communication between microbiota and the brain underlying some neurological disabilities. The aim of this study is to describe and compare the composition of gut microbiota in children with and without ASD.
METHODS
Electronic databases were searched as far as February 2020. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan5.3 to estimate the overall relative abundance of gut bacteria belonging to 8 phyla and 17 genera in children with ASD and controls.
RESULTS
We included 18 studies assessing a total of 493 ASD children and 404 controls. The microbiota was mainly composed of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, all of which were more abundant in the ASD children than in the controls. Children with ASD showed a significantly higher abundance of the genera , , , and and a lower percentage of and .
DISCUSSION
This meta-analysis suggests that there is a dysbiosis in ASD children which may influence the development and severity of ASD symptomatology. Further studies are required in order to obtain stronger evidence of the effectiveness of pre- or probiotics in reducing autistic behaviors.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Bacteria; Child; Dysbiosis; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male
PubMed: 32192218
DOI: 10.3390/nu12030792 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Mar 2017Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a heterogeneous syndrome, characterised by an increased number and/or abnormal type of bacteria in the small bowel. Over... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a heterogeneous syndrome, characterised by an increased number and/or abnormal type of bacteria in the small bowel. Over the past decades, rifaximin has gained popularity for this indication despite its use is not evidence based.
AIM
To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarise evidence about the efficacy and safety of rifaximin to eradicate SIBO in adult patients.
METHODS
MEDLINE, EMBASE, CCRCT, Scopus and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 16, 2015 for RCTs and observational studies. Furthermore, abstract books of major European, American and Asian gastroenterological meetings were also examined.
RESULTS
Thirty-two studies involving 1331 patients were included. The overall eradication rate according to intention-to-treat analysis was 70.8% (95% CI: 61.4-78.2; I = 89.4%) and to per protocol analysis 72.9% (95% CI: 65.5-79.8; I = 87.5%). Meta-regression identified three covariates (drug dose, study design and co-therapy) independently associated with an increased eradication rate. The overall rate of adverse events was 4.6% (95% CI: 2.3-7.5; I = 63.6%). In the subset of studies (n= 10) allowing the analysis, improvement or resolution of symptoms in patients with eradicated SIBO was found to be 67.7% (95% CI: 44.7-86.9; I = 91.3%).
CONCLUSIONS
Rifaximin treatment seems to be effective and safe for the treatment of SIBO. However, the quality of the available studies is generally poor. Well-designed RCTs are needed to substantiate these findings and to establish the optimal regimen.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Female; Gastroenterology; Humans; Intestine, Small; Rifamycins; Rifaximin; Syndrome
PubMed: 28078798
DOI: 10.1111/apt.13928 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Jan 2023Recent advances have highlighted the relationships between gut dysbiosis and Parkinson's disease (PD). Microbiota transplantation from PD patients to mice can induce... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Recent advances have highlighted the relationships between gut dysbiosis and Parkinson's disease (PD). Microbiota transplantation from PD patients to mice can induce increased alpha-synuclein-mediated motor deficits. Human studies have identified differences in the gut microbiota of PD patients compared to healthy controls. We undertook a systematic review to evaluate the available evidence for the involvement of gut bacteria in the etiology of PD.
METHODS
The PubMed databank, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databank, and Wanfang Data were searched from inception until June 2021 to identify human case-control studies that investigated relationships between PD and microbiota quantified from feces. We evaluated the resulting studies focusing on bacterial taxa that were different between PD patients and healthy controls.
RESULTS
Twenty-six studies were found in which 53 microbial families and 98 genera exhibited differences between patients with PD and healthy controls. The genera identified by more than two studies as increased in PD were Bifidobacterium, Alistipes, Christensenella, Enterococcus, Oscillospira, Bilophila, Desulfovibrio, Escherichia/Shigella, and Akkermansia, while Prevotella, Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Fusicatenibacter, and Haemophilus had three or more reports of being lower in PD patients. More than one report demonstrated that Bacteroides, Odoribacter, Parabacteroides, Butyricicoccus, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Coprococcus, Lachnospira, Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, Phascolarctobacterium, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, and Klebsiella were altered in both directions.
CONCLUSION
Our review shows that the involvement of the gut microbiome in the etiology of PD may involve alterations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria and an increase in putative gut pathobionts. SCFAs-producing bacteria may vary above or below an "optimal range," causing imbalances. Considering that Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia are beneficial for human health, increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the PD gut microbiome may be associated with PD medications, especially COMT inhibitors, while a high level of Akkermansia may be associated with aging.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Parkinson Disease; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Bacteria; Feces; Fatty Acids, Volatile
PubMed: 36284437
DOI: 10.1111/cns.13990 -
Nutrients Aug 2022Background: Numerous studies have investigated the effects of the supplementation of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the number of bacteria in the gut that are good for... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Background: Numerous studies have investigated the effects of the supplementation of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the number of bacteria in the gut that are good for health, but the results have been inconsistent. Additionally, due to its high fermentability, supplementation of FOS may be associated with adverse gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating and flatulence. Therefore, we assessed the effects of FOS interventions on the composition of gut microbiota and gastrointestinal symptoms in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Design: All randomized controlled trials published before 10 July 2022 that investigated the effects of FOS supplementation on the human gut microbiota composition and gastrointestinal symptoms and met the selection criteria were included in this study. Using fixed or random-effects models, the means and standard deviations of the differences between the two groups before and after the intervention were combined into weighted mean differences using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Eight studies containing 213 FOS supplements and 175 controls remained in this meta-analysis. Bifidobacterium spp. counts significantly increased during FOS ingestion (0.579, 95% CI: 0.444−0.714) in comparison with that of the control group. Subgroup analysis showed greater variation in Bifidobacterium spp. in adults (0.861, 95% CI: 0.614−1.108) than in infants (0.458, 95% CI: 0.297−0.619). The increase in Bifidobacterium spp. counts were greater in the group with an intervention duration greater than 4 weeks (0.841, 95% CI: 0.436−1.247) than an intervention time less than or equal to four weeks (0.532, 95% CI: 0.370−0.694), and in the group with intervention doses > 5 g (1.116, 95% CI: 0.685−1.546) the counts were higher than those with doses ≤ 5 g (0.521, 95% CI: 0.379−0.663). No differences in effect were found between FOS intervention and comparators in regard to the abundance of other prespecified bacteria or adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: This is the first meta-analysis to explore the effect of FOS on gut microbiota and to evaluate the adverse effects of FOS intake on the gastrointestinal tract. FOS supplementation could increase the number of colonic Bifidobacterium spp. while higher dose (7.5−15 g/d) and longer duration (>4 weeks) showed more distinct effects and was well tolerated.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Bifidobacterium; Dietary Supplements; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Infant; Oligosaccharides; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36014803
DOI: 10.3390/nu14163298 -
Zoonoses and Public Health Nov 2021Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic communicable bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. M. tuberculosis is the main causative agent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic communicable bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. M. tuberculosis is the main causative agent of human TB, and cattle are the primary host of Mycobacterium bovis; due to close interaction between cattle and humans, M. bovis poses a zoonotic risk. This review summarizes and estimates the prevalence of M. bovis infection among human cases. Studies reporting TB prevalence data that were published in English during 10 years from 20 April 2009 to 17 April 2019 were identified through search of PubMed and other sources. Quality of studies and risk of bias were assessed using standard tools for prevalence study reports. Characteristics of included studies and their main findings were summarized in tables and discussed with narrative syntheses. Meta-analysis was performed on 19 included studies, with a total of 7,185 MTBC isolates identified; 702 (9.7%) of them were characterized as of subspecies M. bovis, but there was a large prevalence difference between the studies, ranging from 0.4% to 76.7%. The genotyping-based studies reported significantly lower prevalence of zoonotic TB than did the studies based on older techniques. The overall pooled prevalence of M. bovis aggregated from all included studies was 12.1% of the total MTBC isolates, while the corresponding pooled figure from the 14 genotyping-based studies was only 1.4%. Generally, human M. bovis cases reported from different countries of the world suggest that the impact of zoonotic TB is still important in all regions. However, it was difficult to understand the true picture of the disease prevalence because of methodological differences. Future investigations on zoonotic TB should carefully consider these differences when evaluating prevalence results.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Humans; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prevalence; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 34169644
DOI: 10.1111/zph.12868