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FEMS Microbiology Reviews Sep 2005Commensal and pathogenic microorganisms must resist the deleterious actions of bile in order to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract. Herein we review the current... (Review)
Review
Commensal and pathogenic microorganisms must resist the deleterious actions of bile in order to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract. Herein we review the current knowledge on the mechanisms by which Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria contend with bile stress. We describe the antimicrobial actions of bile, assess the variations in bile tolerance between bacterial genera and examine the interplay between bile stress and other stresses. The molecular mechanisms underlying bile tolerance are investigated and the relationship between bile and virulence is examined. Finally, the potential benefits of bile research are briefly discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bile Acids and Salts; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans
PubMed: 16102595
DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.003 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Nov 2014The presence of an abnormal amount of single-stranded DNA in the bacterial cell constitutes a genotoxic alarm signal that induces the SOS response, a broad regulatory... (Review)
Review
The presence of an abnormal amount of single-stranded DNA in the bacterial cell constitutes a genotoxic alarm signal that induces the SOS response, a broad regulatory network found in most bacterial species to address DNA damage. The aim of this review was to point out that beyond being a repair process, SOS induction leads to a very strong but transient response to genotoxic stress, during which bacteria can rearrange and mutate their genome, induce several phenotypic changes through differential regulation of genes, and sometimes acquire characteristics that potentiate bacterial survival and adaptation to changing environments. We review here the causes and consequences of SOS induction, but also how this response can be modulated under various circumstances and how it is connected to the network of other important stress responses. In the first section, we review articles describing the induction of the SOS response at the molecular level. The second section discusses consequences of this induction in terms of DNA repair, changes in the genome and gene expression, and sharing of genomic information, with their effects on the bacteria's life and evolution. The third section is about the fine tuning of this response to fit with the bacteria's 'needs'. Finally, we discuss recent findings linking the SOS response to other stress responses. Under these perspectives, SOS can be perceived as a powerful bacterial strategy against aggressions.
Topics: Bacteria; DNA Repair; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; SOS Response, Genetics; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 24923554
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12077 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2019Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women around the world. Conventional treatments in the fight against breast cancer, such... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women around the world. Conventional treatments in the fight against breast cancer, such as chemotherapy, are being challenged regarding their effectiveness. Thus, strategies for the treatment of breast cancer need to be continuously refined to achieve a better patient outcome. We know that a number of bacteria are pathogenic and some are even associated with tumor development, however, recent studies have demonstrated interesting results suggesting some bacteria may have potential for cancer therapy. Therefore, the therapeutic role of bacteria has aroused attention in medical and pharmaceutical studies. Furthermore, genetic engineering has been used in bacterial therapy and may led to greater efficacy with few side effects. Some genetically modified non-pathogenic bacterial species are more successful due to their selectivity for cancer cells but with low toxicity for normal cells. Some live, attenuated, or genetically modified bacterias are capable to multiply in tumors and inhibit their growth. This article aims to review the role of bacteria and their products including bacterial peptides, bacteriocins, and toxins for the treatment of breast cancer.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacteriocins; Breast Neoplasms; Colicins; Humans; Nisin; Peptides, Cyclic
PubMed: 31771178
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235880 -
Cellular Microbiology May 2021
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Virulence
PubMed: 33369087
DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13300 -
MBio Apr 2016In this article, the current knowledge and knowledge gaps in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock and plants and importance in terms... (Review)
Review
In this article, the current knowledge and knowledge gaps in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock and plants and importance in terms of animal and human health are discussed. Some recommendations are provided for generation of the data required in order to develop risk assessments for AMR within agriculture and for risks through the food chain to animals and humans.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Livestock; Plants
PubMed: 27094336
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02227-15 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Jun 2023The rhizosphere is a chemically complex environment that harbors a strikingly diverse microbial community. The past few decades have seen a rapid growth in the body of... (Review)
Review
The rhizosphere is a chemically complex environment that harbors a strikingly diverse microbial community. The past few decades have seen a rapid growth in the body of literature on plant-microbe-microbe interactions and plant health. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review current knowledge on plant-microbe-microbe (specifically bacteria) interactions in the rhizosphere and how these influence rhizosphere microbiomes and impact plant health. This article discusses (i) how the plant recruits beneficial rhizosphere bacteria and ii) how competition between rhizosphere bacteria and mechanisms/weapons employed in bacteria-bacteria competition shapes rhizosphere microbiome and in turn affects plant heath. The discussion mainly focuses on interference competition, characterized by production of specialized metabolites (antibacterial compounds) and exploitative competition where a bacterial strain restricts the competitor's access to nutrients such as through secretion of siderophores that could allude to cooperation. Understanding mechanisms employed in bacteria-bacteria and plant-bacteria interactions could provide insights into how to manipulate microbiomes for improved agricultural outcomes.
Topics: Rhizosphere; Soil Microbiology; Bacteria; Plants; Microbiota
PubMed: 37002974
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102297 -
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Dec 2022Therapeutic proteins are rarely available in oral dosage form because the hostile environment of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their large size make this... (Review)
Review
Therapeutic proteins are rarely available in oral dosage form because the hostile environment of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their large size make this delivery method difficult. Commensal bacteria in the gut face the same situation; however, they not only survive but low levels of their structural components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, and flagellin are also consistently detectable in the circulatory systems of healthy individuals. This opinion article discusses how gut bacteria survive in the gut, how their components penetrate the body from the perspective of the bacteria's and the host's proactivity, and how orally administered therapeutic proteins may be developed that exploit similar mechanisms to enter the body.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Bacteria
PubMed: 36057462
DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.08.002 -
Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi. Japanese... 2018
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriology; Fungi; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Microbiology; Societies, Scientific
PubMed: 29479024
DOI: 10.3412/jsb.73.50 -
Current Biology : CB Oct 2020There is longstanding interest in studying microbial communities below ground, while little attention has historically been paid to the above ground portions of plants...
There is longstanding interest in studying microbial communities below ground, while little attention has historically been paid to the above ground portions of plants (the phyllosphere). The phyllosphere has been estimated to make up around 60% of the biomass across all taxa on Earth, making it a key habitat for microbial organisms. The more we study these complex and dynamic communities, the more we come to realize their importance to the health of plant hosts. Overall, the phyllosphere is proving to be both an important microbial habitat and a tractable model system for asking questions in microbial ecology and evolution.
Topics: Bacteria; Biodiversity; Ecosystem; Host Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Plant Leaves; Plants; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 33022257
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.037 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Oct 2020Recent advances in genomics have uncovered the tremendous diversity and richness of microbial ecosystems. New functional genomics methods are now needed to probe gene... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in genomics have uncovered the tremendous diversity and richness of microbial ecosystems. New functional genomics methods are now needed to probe gene function in high-throughput and provide mechanistic insights. Here, we review how the CRISPR toolbox can be used to inactivate, repress or overexpress genes in a sequence-specific manner and how this offers diverse attractive solutions to identify gene function in high-throughput. Developed both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, CRISPR screening technologies have already provided meaningful insights in microbiology and host-pathogen interactions. In the era of microbiomes, the versatility and the functional diversity of CRISPR-derived tools has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of microbial communities and their interaction with the host.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Genomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microbiota
PubMed: 32858412
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.009