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FEMS Microbiology Reviews Sep 2005Commensal and pathogenic microorganisms must resist the deleterious actions of bile in order to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract. Herein we review the current... (Review)
Review
Commensal and pathogenic microorganisms must resist the deleterious actions of bile in order to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract. Herein we review the current knowledge on the mechanisms by which Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria contend with bile stress. We describe the antimicrobial actions of bile, assess the variations in bile tolerance between bacterial genera and examine the interplay between bile stress and other stresses. The molecular mechanisms underlying bile tolerance are investigated and the relationship between bile and virulence is examined. Finally, the potential benefits of bile research are briefly discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bile Acids and Salts; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans
PubMed: 16102595
DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.003 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Nov 2014The presence of an abnormal amount of single-stranded DNA in the bacterial cell constitutes a genotoxic alarm signal that induces the SOS response, a broad regulatory... (Review)
Review
The presence of an abnormal amount of single-stranded DNA in the bacterial cell constitutes a genotoxic alarm signal that induces the SOS response, a broad regulatory network found in most bacterial species to address DNA damage. The aim of this review was to point out that beyond being a repair process, SOS induction leads to a very strong but transient response to genotoxic stress, during which bacteria can rearrange and mutate their genome, induce several phenotypic changes through differential regulation of genes, and sometimes acquire characteristics that potentiate bacterial survival and adaptation to changing environments. We review here the causes and consequences of SOS induction, but also how this response can be modulated under various circumstances and how it is connected to the network of other important stress responses. In the first section, we review articles describing the induction of the SOS response at the molecular level. The second section discusses consequences of this induction in terms of DNA repair, changes in the genome and gene expression, and sharing of genomic information, with their effects on the bacteria's life and evolution. The third section is about the fine tuning of this response to fit with the bacteria's 'needs'. Finally, we discuss recent findings linking the SOS response to other stress responses. Under these perspectives, SOS can be perceived as a powerful bacterial strategy against aggressions.
Topics: Bacteria; DNA Repair; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; SOS Response, Genetics; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 24923554
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12077 -
Cellular Microbiology May 2021
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Virulence
PubMed: 33369087
DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13300 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2019Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women around the world. Conventional treatments in the fight against breast cancer, such... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women around the world. Conventional treatments in the fight against breast cancer, such as chemotherapy, are being challenged regarding their effectiveness. Thus, strategies for the treatment of breast cancer need to be continuously refined to achieve a better patient outcome. We know that a number of bacteria are pathogenic and some are even associated with tumor development, however, recent studies have demonstrated interesting results suggesting some bacteria may have potential for cancer therapy. Therefore, the therapeutic role of bacteria has aroused attention in medical and pharmaceutical studies. Furthermore, genetic engineering has been used in bacterial therapy and may led to greater efficacy with few side effects. Some genetically modified non-pathogenic bacterial species are more successful due to their selectivity for cancer cells but with low toxicity for normal cells. Some live, attenuated, or genetically modified bacterias are capable to multiply in tumors and inhibit their growth. This article aims to review the role of bacteria and their products including bacterial peptides, bacteriocins, and toxins for the treatment of breast cancer.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacteriocins; Breast Neoplasms; Colicins; Humans; Nisin; Peptides, Cyclic
PubMed: 31771178
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235880 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Jun 2023The rhizosphere is a chemically complex environment that harbors a strikingly diverse microbial community. The past few decades have seen a rapid growth in the body of... (Review)
Review
The rhizosphere is a chemically complex environment that harbors a strikingly diverse microbial community. The past few decades have seen a rapid growth in the body of literature on plant-microbe-microbe interactions and plant health. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review current knowledge on plant-microbe-microbe (specifically bacteria) interactions in the rhizosphere and how these influence rhizosphere microbiomes and impact plant health. This article discusses (i) how the plant recruits beneficial rhizosphere bacteria and ii) how competition between rhizosphere bacteria and mechanisms/weapons employed in bacteria-bacteria competition shapes rhizosphere microbiome and in turn affects plant heath. The discussion mainly focuses on interference competition, characterized by production of specialized metabolites (antibacterial compounds) and exploitative competition where a bacterial strain restricts the competitor's access to nutrients such as through secretion of siderophores that could allude to cooperation. Understanding mechanisms employed in bacteria-bacteria and plant-bacteria interactions could provide insights into how to manipulate microbiomes for improved agricultural outcomes.
Topics: Rhizosphere; Soil Microbiology; Bacteria; Plants; Microbiota
PubMed: 37002974
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102297 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jul 1976
Review
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Ecology; Hair; Humans; Skin; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pyogenes
PubMed: 778287
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12513007 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Oct 2020Recent advances in genomics have uncovered the tremendous diversity and richness of microbial ecosystems. New functional genomics methods are now needed to probe gene... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in genomics have uncovered the tremendous diversity and richness of microbial ecosystems. New functional genomics methods are now needed to probe gene function in high-throughput and provide mechanistic insights. Here, we review how the CRISPR toolbox can be used to inactivate, repress or overexpress genes in a sequence-specific manner and how this offers diverse attractive solutions to identify gene function in high-throughput. Developed both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, CRISPR screening technologies have already provided meaningful insights in microbiology and host-pathogen interactions. In the era of microbiomes, the versatility and the functional diversity of CRISPR-derived tools has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of microbial communities and their interaction with the host.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Genomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microbiota
PubMed: 32858412
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.009 -
MBio Apr 2016In this article, the current knowledge and knowledge gaps in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock and plants and importance in terms... (Review)
Review
In this article, the current knowledge and knowledge gaps in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock and plants and importance in terms of animal and human health are discussed. Some recommendations are provided for generation of the data required in order to develop risk assessments for AMR within agriculture and for risks through the food chain to animals and humans.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Livestock; Plants
PubMed: 27094336
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02227-15 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology May 2018Lipid research represents a frontier for microbiology, as showcased by hopanoid lipids. Hopanoids, which resemble sterols and are found in the membranes of diverse... (Review)
Review
Lipid research represents a frontier for microbiology, as showcased by hopanoid lipids. Hopanoids, which resemble sterols and are found in the membranes of diverse bacteria, have left an extensive molecular fossil record. They were first discovered by petroleum geologists. Today, hopanoid-producing bacteria remain abundant in various ecosystems, such as the rhizosphere. Recently, great progress has been made in our understanding of hopanoid biosynthesis, facilitated in part by technical advances in lipid identification and quantification. A variety of genetically tractable, hopanoid-producing bacteria have been cultured, and tools to manipulate hopanoid biosynthesis and detect hopanoids are improving. However, we still have much to learn regarding how hopanoid production is regulated, how hopanoids act biophysically and biochemically, and how their production affects bacterial interactions with other organisms, such as plants. The study of hopanoids thus offers rich opportunities for discovery.
Topics: Bacteria; Cell Membrane; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Plants
PubMed: 29456243
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.173 -
Respiratory Medicine Apr 2018Bacterial pathogens are the most frequent cause of pneumonia after transplantation. Early after transplantation, recipients are at higher risk for nosocomial infections.... (Review)
Review
Bacterial pathogens are the most frequent cause of pneumonia after transplantation. Early after transplantation, recipients are at higher risk for nosocomial infections. The most commonly encountered pathogens during this period are gram-negative bacilli (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa …), but gram-positive coccus such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae and anaerobic bacteria can also be found. Empirical antibiotic therapy should be guided by previous colonisation of the recipient and bacterial resistance pattern in the hospital. Six months after transplantation, pneumonias are mostly due to community-acquired bacteria (S. pneumonia, H. influenza, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and others). Opportunistic pathogens take advantage of the state of immunosuppression which is usually highest from one to six months after transplantation. During this period, but also occurring many years later in the setting of a chronically depressed immune system, bacterial pathogens with low intrinsic virulence can cause pneumonia. The diagnosis of pneumonia caused by opportunistic pathogens can be challenging. The delay in diagnosis preventing the early instauration of adequate treatment in kidney transplant recipients with a depressed immune system, frequently coupled with co-morbid conditions and a state of frailty, will affect prognosis and outcome, increasing morbidity and mortality. This review will focus on the most common opportunistic bacterial pathogens causing pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients: Legionella, Nocardia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis/nontuberculous, and Rhodococcus. Recognition of their specificities in the setting of immunosuppression will allow early diagnosis, crucial for initiation of effective therapy and successful outcome. Interactions with immunosuppressive therapy should be considered as well as reducing immunosuppression if necessary.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cross Infection; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Kidney Transplantation; Legionella; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium; Nocardia; Opportunistic Infections; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Prognosis; Rhodococcus; Transplant Recipients
PubMed: 29605219
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.02.022