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Nature Reviews. Microbiology May 2015Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe public health problem and are caused by a range of pathogens, but most commonly by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,... (Review)
Review
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe public health problem and are caused by a range of pathogens, but most commonly by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. High recurrence rates and increasing antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens threaten to greatly increase the economic burden of these infections. In this Review, we discuss how basic science studies are elucidating the molecular details of the crosstalk that occurs at the host-pathogen interface, as well as the consequences of these interactions for the pathophysiology of UTIs. We also describe current efforts to translate this knowledge into new clinical treatments for UTIs.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Risk Factors; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 25853778
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3432 -
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology... Aug 2018Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is defined as bacterial infections that occur in patients with cirrhosis and ascites without any significant intraperitoneal... (Review)
Review
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is defined as bacterial infections that occur in patients with cirrhosis and ascites without any significant intraperitoneal infection, accounting for approximately 10-30% of bacterial infections in hospitalized patients. SBP develops in patients with liver cirrhosis because bacterial translocations are increased by changes in the intestinal bacteria and mucosal barriers. In addition, the decreased host immune response cannot remove the bacteria and their products. The most common cause of SBP is Gram-negative bacteria, such as species, and infections by Gram-positive bacteria are increasing. SBP is diagnosed by the presence of >250 polymorphonuclear leukocyte/mm in ascites after paracentesis. If SBP is diagnosed, empirical antibiotic therapy should be started immediately. Empirical antibiotic treatment should distinguish between community acquired infections and nosocomial infections. Cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding or low ascitic protein concentrations should consider primary prevention and those who recover from SBP should consider secondary prevention. This review describes the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of SBP.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascites; Bacterial Infections; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Peritonitis
PubMed: 30145857
DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2018.72.2.56 -
Microbes and Infection 2019One Health is an effective approach for the management of zoonotic disease in humans, animals and environments. Examples of the management of bacterial zoonoses in... (Review)
Review
One Health is an effective approach for the management of zoonotic disease in humans, animals and environments. Examples of the management of bacterial zoonoses in Europe and across the globe demonstrate that One Health approaches of international surveillance, information-sharing and appropriate intervention methods are required to successfully prevent and control disease outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic regions. Additionally, a One Health approach enables effective preparation and response to bioterrorism threats.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Europe; Humans; One Health; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29913297
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.001 -
Kidney International May 2013In the past, most cases of bacterial infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) occurred in children following streptococcal upper respiratory tract or skin infections... (Review)
Review
In the past, most cases of bacterial infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) occurred in children following streptococcal upper respiratory tract or skin infections and were called postinfectious GN. Over the past 3 decades, there has been an important shift in epidemiology, bacteriology, and outcome of IRGN. A significant percentage of cases now target adults, particularly the elderly or immunocompromised. Because adult infections are often ongoing at the time of diagnosis, the term IRGN appears more appropriate. The sites of infection in adult IRGN are more heterogeneous than in children, and include the upper respiratory tract, skin, lung, heart, urinary tract, teeth/oral mucosa, and bone. In adults, the disease is more likely to be secondary to non-streptococcal infections, particularly staphylococcal infection. In contrast to the favorable course in children, a significant proportion of adults with IRGN, especially the elderly and diabetics, do not recover renal function. Whereas the pathogenesis of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis has been studied extensively, leading to the identification of two candidate nephritogenic streptococcal antigens, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyrogenic exotoxin B, few investigations have focused on IRGN caused by other bacteria. This review will address the current status of sporadic bacterial IRGN in adults.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 23302723
DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.407 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Sep 2002Microorganisms attach to surfaces and develop biofilms. Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by generation of an... (Review)
Review
Microorganisms attach to surfaces and develop biofilms. Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by generation of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, reduced growth rates, and the up- and down- regulation of specific genes. Attachment is a complex process regulated by diverse characteristics of the growth medium, substratum, and cell surface. An established biofilm structure comprises microbial cells and EPS, has a defined architecture, and provides an optimal environment for the exchange of genetic material between cells. Cells may also communicate via quorum sensing, which may in turn affect biofilm processes such as detachment. Biofilms have great importance for public health because of their role in certain infectious diseases and importance in a variety of device-related infections. A greater understanding of biofilm processes should lead to novel, effective control strategies for biofilm control and a resulting improvement in patient management.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Infections; Biofilms; Ecology; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Public Health
PubMed: 12194761
DOI: 10.3201/eid0809.020063 -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology Dec 2021Antibiotic resistance is spreading rapidly around the world and seriously impeding efforts to control microbial infections. Although nucleic acid testing is widely... (Review)
Review
Antibiotic resistance is spreading rapidly around the world and seriously impeding efforts to control microbial infections. Although nucleic acid testing is widely deployed for the detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the current techniques-mainly based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-are time-consuming and laborious. There is an urgent need to develop new strategies to control bacterial infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune system found in many prokaryotes that presents attractive opportunities to target and edit nucleic acids with high precision and reliability. Engineered CRISPR-Cas systems are reported to effectively kill bacteria or even revert bacterial resistance to antibiotics (resensitizing bacterial cells to antibiotics). Strategies for combating antimicrobial resistance using CRISPR (i.e., Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14) can be of great significance in detecting bacteria and their resistance to antibiotics. This review discusses the structures, mechanisms, and detection methods of CRISPR-Cas systems and how these systems can be engineered for the rapid and reliable detection of bacteria using various approaches, with a particular focus on nanoparticles. In addition, we summarize the most recent advances in applying the CRISPR-Cas system for virulence modulation of bacterial infections and combating antimicrobial resistance.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Mice
PubMed: 34863214
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01132-8 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... 2019Biofilm is a complex structure of microbiome having different bacterial colonies or single type of cells in a group; adhere to the surface. These cells are embedded in... (Review)
Review
Biofilm is a complex structure of microbiome having different bacterial colonies or single type of cells in a group; adhere to the surface. These cells are embedded in extracellular polymeric substances, a matrix which is generally composed of eDNA, proteins and polysaccharides, showed high resistance to antibiotics. It is one of the major causes of infection persistence especially in nosocomial settings through indwelling devices. Quorum sensing plays an important role in regulating the biofilm formation. There are many approaches being used to control infections by suppressing its formation but CRISPR-CAS (gene editing technique) and photo dynamic therapy (PDT) are proposed to be used as therapeutic approaches to subside bacterial biofim infections, especially caused by deadly drug resistant bad bugs.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Biofilms; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbiota; Photochemotherapy; Quorum Sensing
PubMed: 31131107
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0533-3 -
EMBO Reports Nov 2018Infections are estimated to contribute to 20% of all human tumours. These are mainly caused by viruses, which explains why a direct bacterial contribution to cancer... (Review)
Review
Infections are estimated to contribute to 20% of all human tumours. These are mainly caused by viruses, which explains why a direct bacterial contribution to cancer formation has been largely ignored. While epidemiological data link bacterial infections to particular cancers, tumour formation is generally assumed to be solely caused by the ensuing inflammation responses. Yet, many bacteria directly manipulate their host cell in various phases of their infection cycle. Such manipulations can affect host cell integrity and can contribute to cancer formation. We here describe how bacterial surface moieties, bacterial protein toxins and bacterial effector proteins can induce host cell DNA damage, and thereby can interfere with essential host cell signalling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and immune signalling.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Toxins; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 30348892
DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846632 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2011This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control of the primary enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats, with an emphasis... (Review)
Review
This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control of the primary enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats, with an emphasis on Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli associated with granulomatous colitis in Boxers. Veterinarians are challenged when attempting to diagnose animals with suspected bacterial-associated diarrhea because well-scrutinized practice guidelines that provide objective recommendations for implementing fecal testing are lacking. This problem is compounded by similar isolation rates for putative bacterial enteropathogens in animals with and without diarrhea, and by the lack of consensus among veterinary diagnostic laboratories as to which diagnostic assays should be utilized. Most bacterial enteropathogens are associated with self-limiting diarrhea, and injudicious administration of antimicrobials could be more harmful than beneficial. Salmonella and Campylobacter are well-documented zoonoses, but antimicrobial administration is not routinely advocated in uncomplicated cases and supportive therapy is recommended. Basic practices of isolation, use of appropriate protective equipment, and proper cleaning and disinfection are the mainstays of control. Handwashing with soap and water is preferred over use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers because spores of C. difficile and C. perfringens are alcohol-resistant, but susceptible to bleach (1:10 to 1:20 dilution of regular household bleach) and accelerated hydrogen peroxide. The implementation of practice guidelines in combination with the integration of validated molecular-based testing and conventional testing is pivotal if we are to optimize the identification and management of enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enteritis
PubMed: 22092607
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00821.x -
Gaceta Medica de Mexico 2020The World Health Organization estimates that bacterial resistance will cause 10 million deaths by 2050. As part of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, it...
The World Health Organization estimates that bacterial resistance will cause 10 million deaths by 2050. As part of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, it proposed networks of specialized laboratories in order to preserve strains and optimize the use of antimicrobials. That is the case of the Latin American Surveillance Network of Antimicrobials Resistance. In a 2019 study, the main bacteria of the ESKAPE group (which are highly resistant to the most widely used antibiotics) that cause infections in Mexican Hospitals were identified to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella spp., ESBL-producing Enterobacter spp., Acinetobacter baumannii, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. With information on drug resistance, regimens are recommended to treat infection caused by Helicobacter pylori, a pathogen related to the development of cancer and whose prevalence in the adult population of Latin America is estimated to range between 60 and 70 %.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Humans; Latin America
PubMed: 32285851
DOI: 10.24875/GMM.M20000358