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Dental Clinics of North America Apr 2017The pathogenesis of odontogenic infection is polymicrobial, consisting of various facultative and strict anaerobes. The dominant isolates are strictly anaerobic... (Review)
Review
The pathogenesis of odontogenic infection is polymicrobial, consisting of various facultative and strict anaerobes. The dominant isolates are strictly anaerobic gram-negative rods and gram-positive cocci. The periapical infection is the most common form of odontogenic infection. Although odontogenic infections are usually confined to the alveolar ridge vicinity, they can spread into deep fascial spaces. Cavernous sinus thrombosis, brain abscess, airway obstruction, and mediastinitis are possible complications of dental infections. The most important element in treating odontogenic infections is elimination of the primary source of the infection with antibiotics as adjunctive therapy.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Tooth
PubMed: 28317564
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.11.004 -
Current Opinion in Rheumatology Aug 1989
Review
Topics: Arthritis, Infectious; Bacterial Infections; Gonorrhea; Humans
PubMed: 2701556
DOI: 10.1097/00002281-198901020-00007 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2005
Review
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 16267325
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra042823 -
Cancer Treatment and Research 2014Bacterial infections are frequent complications among patients treated for cancer. The type, severity, and treatment of bacterial infections vary and depend upon the... (Review)
Review
Bacterial infections are frequent complications among patients treated for cancer. The type, severity, and treatment of bacterial infections vary and depend upon the specific malignancy, associated chemotherapies, and transplantation. This chapter discusses commonly encountered bacterial pathogens as well as Nocardia and mycobacteria in patients with cancer and addresses the clinical syndromes and management. Drug-resistant bacteria are becoming an increasingly recognized problem in patients with cancer. Antimicrobial resistance in select gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are discussed along with the mechanisms of resistance and recommended therapies.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 24706222
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04220-6_3 -
Journal of Hepatology 2012Bacterial infections are very frequent in advanced cirrhosis and become the first cause of death of these patients. Despite numerous experimental data and significant... (Review)
Review
Bacterial infections are very frequent in advanced cirrhosis and become the first cause of death of these patients. Despite numerous experimental data and significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of sepsis in cirrhosis, the outcome remains poor. Classical diagnostic parameters such as C-reactive protein and SIRS criteria have less diagnostic capacity in the cirrhotic population, often delaying the diagnosis and the management of bacterial infection. Prompt and appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment of infection and early resuscitation of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock are essential in determining patient's outcome. A strategy of careful restriction of prophylactic antibiotics to the high-risk populations could reduce the spread of multidrug resistant bacteria. This review is focused on the currently recommended diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic strategies for bacterial infections in the cirrhotic population.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Sepsis
PubMed: 22300459
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8278(12)60002-6 -
Journal of Hepatology 2005
Review
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis
PubMed: 15777576
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.12.006 -
Postgraduate Medicine Jan 2018In the era of rapid development of molecular and other diagnostic methods, direct Gram staining (DGS) tends to remain in the background, although it can provide both... (Review)
Review
In the era of rapid development of molecular and other diagnostic methods, direct Gram staining (DGS) tends to remain in the background, although it can provide both microbiologists and clinicians numerous benefits. The aim of this review was to emphasize the importance of DGS for the diagnosis of many clinically important infections. A PubMed search was carried out using relevant keywords for articles published primarily since 2010. The DGS can provide early information for a timely diagnosis of infections, can reveal the causative agents of the infections even under suboptimal conditions of specimen collection, transport or identification methods, can detect the presence of rare/unusual pathogens, moreover, the method shows the specimen quality, by distinguishing between contamination and true infection, it can direct or change initial antibiotic treatment before the availability of culture results, can indicate the need of other methods for pathogen identification and, in some cases, can show the need for emergency attention such as urgent antibiotic therapy and surgical measures. Briefly, the DGS remains an easy, rapid, inexpensive and important method, which use should be encouraged in conditions of a standardized and controlled performance to avoid technical or interpretation errors.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Gentian Violet; Humans; Phenazines; Sensitivity and Specificity; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 29091518
DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1398049 -
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine Mar 1997In health, bacteria colonize the upper respiratory tract, but the lower respiratory tract defenses keep the lung sterile from the first bronchial division, despite being... (Review)
Review
In health, bacteria colonize the upper respiratory tract, but the lower respiratory tract defenses keep the lung sterile from the first bronchial division, despite being regularly challenged by bacteria from the nasopharynx and the environment. Bronchial infections reflect a failure that can be ascribed either to the virulence of the bacterium or to a deficiency of one or more of these defenses. An abnormality of the airway defenses, which may be inherited (e.g., cystic fibrosis) or acquired (e.g., following a viral infection or cigarette smoking), is present in most patients with bronchial infection, and this fact should be considered when planning investigation.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bronchial Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 9193854
DOI: 10.1097/00063198-199703000-00004 -
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and... Sep 1995Despite tremendous advances in technology, sepsis remains a major threat in neonatal intensive care. The incidence of neonatal infection ranges from 7.3 to 16 per 1,000... (Review)
Review
Despite tremendous advances in technology, sepsis remains a major threat in neonatal intensive care. The incidence of neonatal infection ranges from 7.3 to 16 per 1,000 live births. Nurses play an important role in the recognition and treatment of the septic infant. An understanding of the classification, epidemiology, and signs and symptoms of bacterial and fungal sepsis will better position the nurse to identify the infant at risk for sepsis and to initiate supportive care.
Topics: Age of Onset; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mycoses; Research Design; Risk Factors; Sepsis
PubMed: 7500194
DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1995.tb02546.x -
Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North... Mar 2007Acute and critical care nurses must maintain a current knowledge base for advancing science and providing direct care for patients. When an infectious process is... (Review)
Review
Acute and critical care nurses must maintain a current knowledge base for advancing science and providing direct care for patients. When an infectious process is involved, it is the practicing nurse who must be knowledgeable in treatment and prevention modalities. The integument is the body's first line of defense for invading bacteria. This barrier to bacteria is followed by inflammation and adaptive immunity, the second and third lines of defense against infectious bacteria. It is acute and critical care nurses, however, who should be the first line of defense in preventing the spread of infectious disease. Modern medicine and common sense interventions reviewed in this article are the patient's best defense to good health and wellness when used by nurses.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Critical Care; Hand Disinfection; Humans
PubMed: 17338946
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2006.10.011